Hypersensitive response elicitor peptides and use thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are hypersensitive-response eliciting peptides that exhibit improved solubility, stability, resistance to chemical degradation, or a combination of these properties. Use of these peptides or fusion polypeptides, or DNA constructs encoding the same, for modulating plant biochemical signaling, imparting disease resistance to plants, enhancing plant growth, imparting tolerance to biotic stress, imparting tolerance and resistance to abiotic stress, imparting desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from ornamental plants, imparting post-harvest disease or post-harvest desiccation resistance to a fruit or vegetable, or enhancing the longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness are also disclosed.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/872,298, filed Oct. 1, 2015, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/058,535, filed Oct. 1, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/140,789, filed Mar. 31, 2015, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel hypersensitive response elicitor peptides and their use for inducing active plant responses including, among others, growth enhancement, disease resistance, pest or insect resistance, and stress resistance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The identification and isolation of harpin proteins came from basic research at Cornell University attempting to understand how plant pathogenic bacteria interact with plants. A first line of defense is the hypersensitive response (HR), a localized plant cell death at the site of infection. Cell death creates a physical barrier to movement of the pathogen and in some plants dead cells can release compounds toxic to the invading pathogen. Research had indicated that pathogenic bacteria were likely to have a single factor that was responsible for triggering the HR. A basic aim of the Cornell research was to identify a specific bacterial protein responsible for eliciting the HR. The target protein was known to be encoded by one of a group of bacteria genes called the Hypersensitive Response and Pathogenicity (hrp) gene cluster. The hrp cluster in the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Ea), which causes fire blight in pear and apple, was dissected and a single protein was identified that elicited HR in certain plants. This protein was given the name harpin (and, later, harpin_(Ea)) and the corresponding gene designated hrpN. This was the first example of such a protein and gene identified from any bacterial species.

A number of different harpin proteins have since been identified from Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Xanthomonas, and Pantoea species, among others. Harpin proteins, while diverse at the primary amino acid sequence level, share common biochemical and biophysical characteristics as well as biological functions. Based on their unique properties, the harpin proteins are regarded in the literature as belonging to a single class of proteins.

Subsequent to their identification and isolation, it was thereafter discovered that harpins could elicit disease resistance in plants and increase plant growth. An important early finding was that application of purified harpin protein made a plant resistant to a subsequent pathogen attack, and in locations on the plant well away from the injection site. This meant that harpin proteins can trigger a Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), a plant defense mechanism that provides resistance to a variety of viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens.

In crop protection, there is a continuous need for compositions that improve the health of plants. Healthier plants are desirable since they result in better yields and/or a better quality of the plants or crops. Healthier plants also better resist biotic and abiotic stress. A high resistance against biotic stresses in turn allows the growers to reduce the quantity of pesticides applied and consequently to slow down the development of resistances against the respective pesticides.

Harpin_(αβ) is a fusion protein that is derived from several different harpins. Harpin_(αβ) has been shown to suppress nematode egg production, enhance the growth, quality and yield of a plant, and increase a plant's vigor. Its amino acid and nucleotide sequences are described in detail in U.S. Application Publ. No. 2010/0043095.

To date, harpin and harpin_(αβ) production and their use in agricultural and horticultural applications have been as a powdered solid coated on starch. This limits the use and versatility of the harpin proteins, because liquid suspensions of the powdered harpin proteins in water have an effective useful life of only 48-72 hours before significant degradation and loss of activity occurs. Another problem with harpin solutions is protein solubility and stability.

It would be desirable to identify synthetic and derivative harpin peptides that are readily soluble in aqueous solution, stable, resistant to chemical degradation, and effective in initiating the hypersensitive response in plants.

The present invention is directed to overcoming these and other limitations in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 93) (L/I/V/F)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)-(L/I)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)- (L/I/V/A)-X-X-(L/I)-(L/I/V/F) wherein the peptide is free of cysteine and methionine; each X at positions 2 and 6 is optional and, when present, is any amino acid; and each X at positions 3, 7, 10, and 11 is any amino acid. In one embodiment, X at only one of positions 2 and 6 is optional. In certain embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 93 may further include an additional amino acid residue between the hydrophobic doublets (two of L/I/V/F/A, as indicated). In certain embodiments, the isolated peptide further includes a hydrophilic amino acid sequence that is located N-terminal or C-terminal to SEQ ID NO: 93.

A second aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 93) (L/I/V/F)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)-(L/I)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)- (L/I/V/A)-X-X-(L/I)-(L/I/V/F) wherein the peptide is free of cysteine and methionine; each X at positions 2, 6, and 10 is optional and, when present, is any amino acid; and each X at positions 3, 7, and 11 is any amino acid. In one embodiment, X at only one of positions 2, 6, and 10 is optional. In certain embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 93 may further include an additional amino acid residue between the hydrophobic doublets (two of L/I/V/F/A, as indicated). In certain embodiments, the isolated peptide further includes a hydrophilic amino acid sequence that is located N-terminal or C-terminal to SEQ ID NO: 93.

A third aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 1, P1/P4 consensus) XXGISEKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, wherein

-   -   X at position 1 is optional and can be S, N, D, isoD, G, A, or         S;     -   X at position 2 is optional and can be Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A,         or S;     -   X at position 8 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 9 is L, I, F, or V;     -   X at position 10 is optional and can be D or isoD;     -   X at position 11 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 12 is M, L, I, or F;     -   X at position 13 is M, L, or I;     -   X at position 14 is optional and can be any hydrophilic amino         acid, preferably C, S, T, A, D, isoD, K, or Q;     -   X at position 15 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, K, or I;     -   X at position 16 is M, L, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 17 is M, L, I, A, or V;     -   X at position 18 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, M, T, or K;     -   X at position 19 is A, D, isoD, S, V, T, K, R, E, H, or G;     -   X at position 20 is M, L, or I;     -   X at position 21 is M, L, I, V, S, or F;     -   X at position 22 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S;     -   X at position 23 is P, Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; and         wherein the isolated peptide comprises one or more mutations         relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence. In         certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the         aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical         degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide         comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence.

One exemplary family of peptides according to the third aspect of the invention have the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   SXGISEKXXDXXXXXXXXAXXXP (SEQ ID NO: 2, P4 consensus), wherein     -   X at position 2 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 8 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 9 is L, A, D, isoD, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 11 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 12 is L, D, isoD, I, or F;     -   X at position 13 is L, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 14 is any hydrophilic amino acid, preferably C, S,         or T, S or T, or only S;     -   X at position 15 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, K, or I;     -   X at position 16 is L, A, I, V, M, or F;     -   X at position 17 is I, S, or F;     -   X at position 18 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 20 is L, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 21 is L or F; and     -   X at position 22 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S.         In certain embodiments, these peptides according to the third         aspect of the invention also meet the structural features         defining the peptides according to the first or second aspect of         the invention.

Another exemplary family of peptides according to the third aspect of the invention have the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   XXGISEKXLDXLLTXLIXALLXX (SEQ ID NO: 3, P1 consensus), wherein     -   X at position 1 is N, D, isoD, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 2 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 8 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 11 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 15 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 18 is M, T, K, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 22 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; and     -   X at position 23 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S.         In certain embodiments, these peptides according to the third         aspect of the invention also meet the structural features         defining the peptides according to the first or second aspect of         the invention.

A fourth aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) KPXDSXSXIAKLISXLIXSLLX (SEQ ID NO: 47, P15b/P20 consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 3 is N, D, or isoD;         -   X at position 6 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;         -   X at position 8 is N, D, or isoD;         -   X at position 15 is optional and can be any amino acid;         -   X at position 18 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K; and         -   X at position 22 is optional and can be Q, E, g-glutamate,             G, A, or S; or     -   (ii) IAKLISXLIXSLLX (SEQ ID NO: 12, P15/20 min consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 7 is optional and can be any amino acid;         -   X at position 10 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K; and         -   X at position 14 is optional and can be Q, E, g-glutamate,             G, A, or S.             In certain embodiments, the isolated peptide comprises one             or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino             acid sequence, and the one or more mutations improve the             aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical             degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a             polypeptide comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid             sequence. In certain embodiments, the peptides according to             the fourth aspect of the invention also meet the structural             features defining the peptides according to the first or             second aspect of the invention.

A fifth aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) PSPXTXXLXXIVGXILXAXN (SEQ ID NO: 66, P6/6a consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 4 is F or Y;         -   X at position 6 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;         -   X at position 7 is optional and can be L, M, E, g-glutamate,             G, A, S, T, or K;         -   X at position 9 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K;         -   X at position 10 is H or N;         -   X at position 14 is E, g-glutamate, D, or isoD;         -   X at position 17 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; and         -   X at position 19 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; or     -   (ii) XTXXLXXIVGXIL (SEQ ID NO: 135, P6/6a min consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 1 is F or Y;         -   X at position 3 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;         -   X at position 4 is optional and, according to one             embodiment, can be M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K; or             according to another embodiment can be L;         -   X at position 6 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K;         -   X at position 7 is H or N; and         -   X at position 11 is E, g-glutamate, D, or isoD;             wherein the isolated peptide comprises one or more mutations             relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence,             and the one or more mutations improve the aqueous             solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical degradation             of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising             the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence. In certain             embodiments, the peptides according to the fifth aspect of             the invention also meet the structural features defining the             peptides according to the first or second aspect of the             invention.

A sixth aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) XXXXXXLXXLLXXLVXLLK (SEQ ID NO: 13, P14d consensus), wherein         -   X at position 1 can be: Q, N, D, E, g-glutamate, isoD, or S;         -   X at position 2 can be: D, E, g-glutamate, isoD;         -   X at position 3 can be: P, D, E, isoD, or g-glutamate;         -   X at position 4 can be M, A, S, D, E, isoD, or g-glutamate         -   X at position 5 can be Q, E, or g-glutamate;         -   X at position 6 can be A, E, or g-glutamate;         -   X at position 8 can be M, L, E, Q, D, N, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 9 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 12 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 13 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate; and         -   X at position 16 can be K, Q, N, E, D, R, G, A, or S; or     -   (ii) LXXLLXXLVXLLK (SEQ ID NO: 14, P14d min consensus), wherein         -   X at position 2 can be M, L, E, Q, D, N, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 3 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 6 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 7 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate; and         -   X at position 10 can be K, Q, N, E, D, R, G, A, or S.             In certain embodiments, the isolated peptide comprises one             or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino             acid sequence, and the one or more mutations improve the             aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical             degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a             polypeptide comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid             sequence. In certain embodiments, the peptides according to             the sixth aspect of the invention also meet the structural             features defining the peptides according to the first or             second aspect of the invention.

A seventh aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) LXXL(L/M)XILXXLV (SEQ ID NO: 16, P25 consensus), wherein         -   X at position 2 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 3 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 6 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 9 can be E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, Q, N, T, S,             A, or G; and         -   X at position 10 can be A, G, S, T, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD,             Q, or N; or     -   (ii) LXXVLXXL(L/M)XILXXLV (SEQ ID NO: 17, P25 consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 2 can be T, S, A, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate,             Q, or N;         -   X at position 3 can be G, T, S, A, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate,             Q, or N;         -   X at position 6 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 7 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 10 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 13 can be E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, Q, N, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 14 can be A, G, S, T, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD,             Q, or N; and         -   V at position 16 is optional.             In certain embodiments, the isolated peptide comprises one             or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino             acid sequence, and the one or more mutations improve the             aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical             degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a             polypeptide comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid             sequence. In certain embodiments, the peptides according to             the seventh aspect of the invention also meet the structural             features defining the peptides according to the first or             second aspect of the invention.

An eighth aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) XXXXXXXXXXX(L/M)XXLLXXLLXXLLXXX (SEQ ID NO: 21, P17/18),         wherein         -   X at position 1 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 2 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 3 can be any amino acid, but preferably P, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 4 can be any amino acid, but preferably I, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, N, isoD, K, or R;         -   X at position 5 can be any amino acid, but preferably D,             isoD, S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, N, Q, K, or R;         -   X at position 6 can be any amino acid, but preferably R, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, or K;         -   X of position 7 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 8 can be any amino acid, but preferably T, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 9 can be any amino acid, but preferably I, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 10 can be any amino acid, but preferably E,             g-glutamate, Q, S, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 11 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 13 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 14 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 17 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 18 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 21 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R;         -   X at position 22 can be any amino acid, but preferably S, A,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 25 can be any amino acid, but preferably S, A,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 26 can be any amino acid, but preferably P, S,             A, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R; and         -   X at position 27 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             A, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R; or     -   (ii) (L/M)XXLLXXLLXXLL (SEQ ID NO: 25, P17/18 min consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 2 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 3 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 6 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 7 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 10 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R; and         -   X at position 11 can be any amino acid, but preferably S, A,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;             wherein the isolated peptide comprises one or more mutations             relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence,             and the one or more mutations improve the aqueous             solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical degradation             of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising             the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence. In certain             embodiments, the peptides according to the eighth aspect of             the invention also meet the structural features defining the             peptides according to the first or second aspect of the             invention.

A ninth aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   XLXX(L/M)LXLIXX(L/I/V/F/M)(L/I/V/F/M) (SEQ ID NO: 26, P19         consensus), wherein         -   X at position 1 is optional and can be L, I, V, F, or M;         -   X at position 3 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R;         -   X at position 4 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 7 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R;         -   X at position 10 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R; and         -   X at position 11 can be any amino acid, but preferably R, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or K.             In certain embodiments, the isolated peptide comprises one             or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino             acid sequence, and the one or more mutations improve the             aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical             degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a             polypeptide comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid             sequence. In certain embodiments, the peptides according to             the ninth aspect of the invention also meet the structural             features defining the peptides according to the first or             second aspect of the invention.

A tenth aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide that includes the amino acid sequence of

-   -   (L/M)XXLLX(L/M)FXXI(L/M)XX (SEQ ID NO: 15, P3 min consensus)         wherein         -   X at position 2 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 3 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 6 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 9 can be E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, Q, N, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 10 can be A, G, S, T, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD,             Q, or N;         -   X at position 13 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G; and         -   X at position 14 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G.             In certain embodiments, the isolated peptide comprises one             or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino             acid sequence, and the one or more mutations improve the             aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical             degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a             polypeptide comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid             sequence. In certain embodiments, the peptides according to             the tenth aspect of the invention also meet the structural             features defining the peptides according to the first or             second aspect of the invention.

A eleventh aspect of the invention relates to a fusion protein that includes one of the peptides of the first through eleventh aspects of the invention along with one or more of a purification tag, a solubility tag, or a second peptide according to one of the first through tenth aspects of the invention.

A twelfth aspect of the invention relates to a composition that includes one or more peptides according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, or a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, and a carrier.

A thirteenth aspect of the invention relates to a method of imparting disease resistance to plants. This method includes: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to impart disease resistance.

A fourteenth aspect of the invention relates to a method of enhancing plant growth. This method includes: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to enhance plant growth.

A fifteenth aspect of the invention relates to a method of increasing a plant's tolerance and resistance to biotic stressors. This method includes: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to increase the plant's tolerance and resistance to biotic stress factors selected from the group consisting of pests such as insects, arachnids, nematodes, weeds, and combinations thereof.

A sixteenth aspect of the invention relates to a method of increasing a plant's tolerance to abiotic stress. This method includes: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to increase the plant's tolerance to abiotic stress factors selected from the group consisting of salt stress, water stress (including drought and flooding), ozone stress, heavy metal stress, cold stress, heat stress, nutritional stress (phosphate, potassium, nitrogen deficiency), bleaching and light-induced stress, and combinations thereof.

A seventeenth aspect of the invention relates to a method imparting desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from ornamental plants. This method includes: applying an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant or the locus where the plant is growing, wherein said applying is effective to impart desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from the ornamental plant.

An eighteenth aspect of the invention relates to a method of imparting post-harvest disease or post-harvest desiccation resistance to a fruit or vegetable. This method includes: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant containing a fruit or vegetable or the locus where the plant is growing; or applying an effective amount of the isolated peptide or the composition to a harvested fruit or vegetable, wherein said applying is effective to impart post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to the fruit or vegetable.

A nineteenth aspect of the invention relates to a method of enhancing the longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness. This method includes: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant containing a fruit or vegetable or the locus where the plant is growing; or applying an effective amount of the isolated peptide or the composition to a harvested fruit or vegetable, wherein said applying is effective to enhance the longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness.

A twentieth aspect of the invention relates to a method of modulating one or more biological signaling processes of a plant. This method includes: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention, a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention, or a composition according to the twelfth aspect of the invention to a plant or the locus where the plant is growing, wherein said applying is effective in modulating one or more biochemical signaling processes.

A twenty-first aspect of the invention relates to a DNA construct including a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention or a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention; and a promoter-effective nucleic acid molecule operably coupled to the first nucleic acid molecule. This aspect of the invention also encompasses a recombinant expression vector containing the DNA construct, a recombinant host cell containing the DNA construct, as well as transgenic plants or plant seeds that include a recombinant plant cell of the invention (which contains the DNA construct).

A twenty-second aspect of the invention relates to a method of imparting disease resistance to plants, enhance plant growth, impart tolerance and resistance to biotic stressors, impart tolerance to abiotic stress, or modulating plant biochemical signaling. This method includes providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA construct according to the twenty-first aspect of the invention; and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit the DNA construct to express the peptide or the fusion polypeptide to impart disease resistance, enhance plant growth, impart tolerance to biotic stress, impart tolerance to abiotic stress, or modulate biochemical signaling to the transgenic plant.

A twenty-third aspect of the invention relates to a method of imparting desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from ornamental plants, imparting post-harvest disease or post-harvest desiccation resistance to a fruit or vegetable, or enhancing the longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness. The method includes providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA construct including a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide according to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth aspects of the invention or a fusion protein according to the eleventh aspect of the invention; and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit the DNA construct to express the peptide or the fusion polypeptide to impart desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from a transgenic ornamental plant, impart post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to a fruit or vegetable removed from the transgenic plant, or enhance longevity of ripeness for a fruit or vegetable removed from the transgenic plant.

A twenty-fourth aspect of the invention relates to a method of imparting disease resistance to plants, enhancing plant growth, imparting tolerance and resistance to biotic stressors, imparting tolerance to abiotic stress, or modulating biochemical signaling. This method includes providing a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA construct according to the twenty-first aspect of the invention; planting the transgenic plant seed in soil; and propagating a transgenic plant from the transgenic plant seed to permit the DNA construct to express the peptide or the fusion polypeptide to impart disease resistance, enhance plant growth, impart tolerance to biotic stress, or impart tolerance to abiotic stress

A twenty-fifth aspect of the invention relates to a method of imparting desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from ornamental plants, imparting post-harvest disease or post-harvest desiccation resistance to a fruit or vegetable, or enhancing the longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness. The method includes providing a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA construct according to the twenty-first aspect of the invention; planting the transgenic plant seed in soil; and propagating a transgenic plant from the transgenic plant seed to permit the DNA construct to express the peptide or the fusion polypeptide to impart desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from a transgenic ornamental plant, impart post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to a fruit or vegetable removed from the transgenic plant, or enhance longevity of ripeness for a fruit or vegetable removed from the transgenic plant.

By providing HR-eliciting peptides that exhibit improved solubility, stability, resistance to chemical degradation, or a combination of these properties, it will afford growers with greater flexibility in preparing, handling, and delivering to plants in their fields or greenhouses effective amounts of compositions containing these HR-eliciting peptides. Simplifying the application process for growers will lead to greater compliance and, thus, improved results with respect to one or more of disease resistance, growth enhancement, tolerance and resistance to biotic stressors, tolerance to abiotic stress, desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants. These and other benefits are described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in deionized water. The following peptides are shown: P1 (SEQ ID NO: 4); P1-18A (SEQ ID NO: 44); P1-18K (SEQ ID NO: 45); and P1-18T (SEQ ID NO: 42). The curve for 1* is normalized to 100% of P1 at the day 1 time point; 1** is the original P1 data.

FIG. 2 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM citrate, pH 5.6. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T. The curve for 1* is normalized to 100% of P1 at the day 1 time point; 1** is the original P1 data.

FIG. 3 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM MES, pH 6. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T. The curve for 1* is normalized to 100% of P1 at the day 1 time point; 1** is the original P1 data.

FIG. 4 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM MOPS, pH 6.5. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 5 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM citrate, pH 7.2. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 6 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM EDDS, pH 7.3. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 7 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM imidazole, pH 7.5. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 8 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM EDTA, pH 8. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 9 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in phosphate, pH 8.0. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 10 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P1 and P1 mutants dissolved in 50 mM TES, pH 8.0. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 11 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in deionized water. The following peptides are shown: P1, P1-18A, P1-18K, and P1-18T.

FIG. 12 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM citrate, pH 5.6. The following peptides are shown: P4 (SEQ ID NO: 5); P4-14A (SEQ ID NO: 136); P4-14D (SEQ ID NO: 137); P4-14K (SEQ ID NO: 138); P4-14Q (SEQ ID NO: 139); and P4-14S (SEQ ID NO: 6).

FIG. 13 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM MES, pH 6. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 14 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM MOPS, pH 6.5. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 15 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM citrate, pH 7.2. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 16 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM EDDS, pH 7.3. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 17 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM imidazole, pH 7.5. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 18 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM EDTA, pH 8. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 19 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in phosphate, pH 8. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 20 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 50 mM TES, pH 8. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S.

FIG. 21 shows a comparison of the stability of peptide P4 and P4 mutants dissolved in 30% isopropanol, 5 mM DTPA, 0.5% sodium thiosulfate, and 50 mM TES pH 8. The following peptides are shown: P4, P4-14A, P4-14D, P4-14K, P4-14Q, and P4-14S

FIG. 22 shows a comparison of the stability of various peptides dissolved in 50 mM TES pH 8. The following peptides are shown: P1 (SEQ ID NO: 4); P4-14S (SEQ ID NO: 6); P1-15 (SEQ ID NO: 109); P1-14S (SEQ ID NO: 110); P1-18Q (SEQ ID NO: 115); and P1-23P (SEQ ID NO:118).

FIG. 23 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P18 (SEQ ID NO: 83) dissolved in either MES pH 6, MOPS pH 6.5, EDDS pH 7.3, imidazole pH 7.5, or EDTA pH 8.

FIG. 24 shows a solubility and stability test of peptide P18 and P18 mutants dissolved in 50 mM EDTA, pH 8. The following peptides are shown: P18 (SEQ ID NO: 83), P18-1 (SEQ ID NO: 163), and P18-4 (SEQ ID NO: 164).

FIG. 25 shows a stability test of peptide P19 (SEQ ID NO: 89) and P19-20L (SEQ ID NO: 90) mutant dissolved in 50 mM citrate, pH 7.2.

FIG. 26 shows a stability test of peptide P19 (SEQ ID NO: 89) and P19-20L (SEQ ID NO: 90) mutant dissolved in 50 mM TES, pH 8.0.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to novel peptides that possess the ability to induce a hypersensitive response in plants and promote active plant responses that afford one or more of the following attributes: disease resistance, growth enhancement, tolerance and resistance to biotic stressors, tolerance to abiotic stress, desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants.

As used herein, naturally occurring amino acids are identified throughout by the conventional three-letter and/or one-letter abbreviations, corresponding to the trivial name of the amino acid, in accordance with the following list: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), and Valine (Val, V). The abbreviations are accepted in the peptide art and are recommended by the IUPAC-IUB commission in biochemical nomenclature. Naturally occurring variations of amino acids include, without limitation, gamma-glutamate (g-Glu) and isoaspartate (iso-Asp or isoD).

The term “amino acid” further includes analogues, derivatives, and congeners of any specific amino acid referred to herein, as well as C-terminal or N-terminal protected amino acid derivatives (e.g., modified with an N-terminal, C-terminal, or side-chain protecting group, including but not limited to acetylation, formylation, methylation, amidation, esterification, PEGylation, and addition of lipids. Non-naturally occurring amino acids are well known and can be introduced into peptides of the present invention using solid phase synthesis as described below. Furthermore, the term “amino acid” includes both D- and L-amino acids. Hence, an amino acid which is identified herein by its name, three letter or one letter symbol and is not identified specifically as having the D or L configuration, is understood to assume any one of the D or L configurations. In one embodiment, a peptide comprises all L-amino acids.

In certain embodiments, peptides are identified to “consist of” a recited sequence, in which case the peptide includes only the recited amino acid sequence(s) without any extraneous amino acids at the N- or C-terminal ends thereof. To the extent that a recited sequence is in the form of a consensus sequence where one or more of the denoted X or Xaa residues can be any of one or more amino acids, then multiple peptide sequences are embraced by a peptide consisting of such a recited sequence.

In certain other embodiments, peptides are identified to “consist essentially of” a recited sequence, in which case the peptide includes the recited amino acid sequence(s) optionally with one or more extraneous amino acids at the N- and/or C-terminal ends thereof, which extraneous amino acids do not materially alter one or more of the following properties: (i) the ability of the peptide to induce a hypersensitive response in plants, (ii) solubility of the peptide in water or aqueous solutions, (iii) stability of the peptide dissolved in water or aqueous solution at 50° C. over a period of time (e.g., 3 weeks), and (iv) resistance of the peptide to chemical degradation in the presence of an aqueous buffered solution that includes a biocidal agent (e.g., Proxel® GXL) at 50° C. over a period of time (e.g., 3 weeks).

Briefly, the stability and resistance to chemical degradation of peptides can be assessed as follows using peptide samples having an initial purity of at least about 80%, at least about 82%, at least about 84%, at least about 86%, at least about 88%, at least about 90%, at least about 92%, at least about 94%, at least about 96%, or at least about 98%. For water stability, the peptide is dissolved directly in de-ionized water. For chemical degradation tests, the peptide is dissolved in an aqueous solution containing 50 mM pH buffer and 0.25% Proxel GXL. Exemplary pH buffers include, without limitation: (i) Citrate pH 5.6; (ii) MES pH 6.2; (iii) MOPS pH 6.5; (iv) imidazole pH 7.0; (v) Citrate pH 7.2; (vi) EDDS, pH 7.3; (vii) EDTA pH 8.0; (viii) sodium phosphate pH 8.0; or (ix) TES pH 8.0. Peptides are first dissolved in the aqueous solution at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The samples are incubated at 50° C. to allow for accelerated degradation. An initial sample of the peptide is removed, diluted 10× with water, and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. Briefly, 20 μl of the sample is injected into the solvent flow of an HPLC instrument and analyzed on a C18 HPLC column (YMC ProPack C18, YMC, Japan, or C18 Stablebond, Agilent Technologies, USA) using either a triethylamine phosphate in water/acetonitrile gradient or a 0.1% TFA in water/0.1% TFA in acetonitrile gradient to separate different peptide species. Eluting peptides are monitored by UV absorbance at 218 nm and quantified based on the area under the peak. The area under the peak for the initial peptide sample is treated as the standard for relative quantification in subsequent runs. At regular intervals (e.g., 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 days), each peptide sample is surveyed and analyzed by HPLC as described above. If necessary to observe degradation (i.e., where the peptide exhibits a high degree of chemical stability), this protocol can be extended by several weeks to observe degradation. The quantification of subsequent peptide runs is expressed as a percentage of the original (day 0) HPLC result.

A peptide that is at least partially soluble in water or aqueous solution exhibits a solubility of greater than 0.1 mg/ml, preferably at least about 1.0 mg/ml, at least about 2.0 mg/ml, at least about 3.0 mg/ml, or at least about 4.0 mg/ml. In certain embodiments, the peptide exhibits high solubility in water or aqueous solution, with a solubility of at least about 5.0 mg/ml, at least about 10.0 mg/ml, at least about 15.0 mg/ml, or at least about 20 mg/ml.

A peptide that is stable in water or aqueous solution exhibits at least about 66%, at least about 68%, at least about 70%, at least about 72%, at least about 74%, at least about 76%, at least about 78%, at least about 80%, at least about 82%, at least about 84%, at least about 86%, at least about 88%, or at least about 90% of the original peptide concentration over the designated period of time incubated at 50° C. In certain embodiments, the designated period of time is 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, one month, two months, or three months.

A peptide that is resistant to chemical degradation exhibits at least about 66%, at least about 68%, at least about 70%, at least about 72%, at least about 74%, at least about 76%, at least about 78%, at least about 80%, at least about 82%, at least about 84%, at least about 86%, at least about 88%, or at least about 90% of the original peptide concentration over the designated period of time incubated at 50° C. In certain embodiments, the designated period of time is 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, one month, two months, or three months.

A property of a peptide to elicit a hypersensitive response, or not, upon infiltration or application of the peptide to plant tissues can be measured by applying the peptide in dry powder form or in solution form to a plant, particularly though not exclusively a plant leaf. Application rates include 1-500 ug/ml for liquid solution and 0.0001-0.5% (w/w for powder application. Exemplary application of the peptide in solution form is described in the accompanying Examples. Plants are considered HR-positive (“HR+”) if they exhibit wide-spread macroscopic cell death visible to the naked eye, accompanied by wilting and browning of the affected tissue within 48 hours. Plants are considered HR-negative (“HR−”) if they exhibit no discernible wilting or tissue death observable by naked eye.

In certain embodiments, material alteration of the one or more properties is intended to mean that there is less than 20% variation, less than 15% variation, less than 10% variation, or less than 5% variation in a recited property when comparing a peptide possessing the one or more extraneous amino acids to an otherwise identical peptide lacking the one or more extraneous amino acids. In certain embodiments, the number of extraneous amino acids at the N- or C-terminal ends is up to 20 amino acids at one or both ends, up to 15 amino acids at one or both ends, up to 10 amino acids at one or both ends, up to 7 amino acids at one or both ends, up to 5 amino acids at one or both ends, or up to 3 amino acids at one or both ends. Further, to the extent that a recited sequence is in the form of a consensus sequence where one or more of the denoted X or Xaa residues can be any of one or more amino acids, then multiple peptide sequences are embraced by the peptide consisting essentially of such a recited sequence, without regard to additional variations of such sequences that are afforded by the presence of extraneous amino acids at the N- and/or C-terminal ends thereof.

In various embodiments of the invention, the disclosed peptides may include a hydrophilic amino acid sequence, e.g., at either the N-terminal or C-terminal end of a designated peptide sequence. The hydrophilic amino acid sequence is at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 amino acids in length, and includes amino acid residues that contribute to a hydrophilic property of the amino acid sequence that is adjacent to the amino acid sequence of the designated peptide (i.e., the peptide that induces an active plant response). Different methods have been used in the art to calculate the relative hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of amino acid residues and proteins (Kyte et al., “A Simple Method for Displaying the Hydropathic Character of a Protein,” J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-32 (1982); Eisenberg D, “Three-dimensional Structure of Membrane and Surface Proteins,” Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53: 595-623 (1984); Rose et al., “Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobicity, Packing, and Protein Folding,” Annu. Rev. Biomol. Struct. 22: 381-415 (1993); Kauzmann, “Some Factors in the Interpretation of Protein Denaturation,” Adv. Protein Chem. 14: 1-63 (1959), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Any one of these hydrophobicity scales can be used for the purposes of the present invention; however, the Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobicity scale is perhaps the most often referenced scale. These hydropathy scales provide a ranking list for the relative hydrophobicity of amino acid residues. For example, amino acids that contribute to hydrophilicity include Arg (R), Lys (K), Asp (D), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Asn (N), and His (H) as well as, albeit to a lesser extent, Ser (S), Thr (T), Gly (G), Pro (P), Tyr (Y), and Trp (W). For example, polyglutamate sequences can be used to enhance solubility of proteins and other drug molecules (Lilie et al, Biological Chemistry 394(8):995-1004 (2013); Li et al., Cancer Research 58: 2404-2409 (1998)), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The “hydropathy index” of a protein or amino acid sequence is a number representing its average hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties. A negative hydropathy index defines the hydrophilicity of the amino acid sequence of interest. The hydropathy index is directly proportional to the hydrophilicity of the amino acid sequence of interest; thus, the more negative the index, the greater its hydrophilicity. In certain embodiments, the added hydrophilic amino acid sequence described above has a hydropathy index of less than 0, −0.4, −0.9, −1.3, −1.6, −3.5, −3.9, or −4.5. In certain embodiments, the resulting entire peptide will have a hydropathy index of less than 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, or 0.0, preferably less than −0.1, −0.2, −0.3, −0.4, more preferably less than −0.5, −0.6, −0.7, −0.8, −0.9, or −1.0.

In the peptides of the present invention, amino acids that contribute to a hydrophilic hydropathy index, for either the peptide as a whole or the added hydrophilic amino acid sequence, include Arg (R), Lys (K), Asp (D), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Asn (N), His (H), Ser (S), Thr (T), Gly (G), Pro (P), Tyr (Y), and Trp (W). Of these, Asp (D), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Asn (N) or their variants are preferred. Exemplary variants include g-glutamate for Glu and isoaspartic acid (or isoD) for Asp.

As used herein, in this and in other aspects of the invention, the term “hydrophobic amino acid” is intended to refer to an amino acid that contributes hydrophobicity to the hydropathy index of a designated amino acid sequence. Amino acids that contribute to a hydrophobic hydropathy index, for either the peptide as a whole or a particular amino acid sequence thereof, include Ile (I), Val (V), Leu (L), Phe (F), Cys (C), Met (M), and Ala (A). In certain embodiments, the term “hydrophobic amino acid” may refer to any one of Ile (I), Val (V), Leu (L), Phe (F), Cys (C), Met (M), and Ala (A); or, alternatively, to any one of Ile (I), Val (V), Leu (L), Phe (F), and Ala (A). In certain other embodiments, the term “hydrophobic amino acid” may refer to one of Ile (I), Val (V), Leu (L), and Phe (F).

As used herein, the term “non-hydrophobic amino acid” is intended to mean an amino acid that is hydrophilic (or not hydrophobic) on one of the above-identified hydrophobicity scales. This term generally refers to those amino acids that contribute to a hydrophilic hydropathy index for either the peptide as a whole or the added hydrophilic amino acid sequence.

In one aspect of the invention, the peptide includes the amino acid sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 93) (L/I/V/F)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)-(L/I)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)- (L/I/V/A)-X-X-(L/I)-(L/I/V/F)  wherein the peptide is free of cysteine and methionine; each X at positions 2 and 6 is optional and, when present, is any amino acid, including any naturally occurring amino acid; and each X at positions 3, 7, 10, and 11 is any amino acid, including any naturally occurring amino acid.

In a related aspect of the invention, the peptide includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93 (shown above), wherein the peptide is free of cysteine and methionine; each X at positions 2, 6, and 10 is optional and, when present, is any amino acid, including any naturally occurring amino acid; and each X at positions 3, 7, and 11 is any amino acid, including any naturally occurring amino acid.

According to one embodiment, one or more of X at positions 2, 6, and 10 is not present (i.e., the gap between the first hydrophobic amino acid and the first hydrophobic amino acid doublet is reduced from two to one amino acid residue and/or the gap between the first and second hydrophobic amino acid doublets is reduced from two to one amino acid residue and/or the gap between the second and third hydrophobic amino acid doublets is reduced from two to one amino acid residue). In this embodiment, it is contemplated that these peptides exclude the amino acid at only one of positions 2, 6, and 10.

In an alternative embodiment, X at both of positions 2 and 6 is present (i.e., the gap between the hydrophobic amino acids is maintained at two amino acid residues at both locations).

In another embodiment, X at each of positions 2, 6, and 10 is present (i.e., the gap between the hydrophobic amino acids is maintained at two amino acid residues at each location).

In certain embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 93 may further include an additional amino acid residue between the hydrophobic doublets (two of L/I/V/F/A, as indicated) and the additional amino acid can be any amino acid. In these embodiments, the gap before the first hydrophobic doublet is three amino acids, the gap between the first and second hydrophobic doublets is three amino acids, the gap between the second and third hydrophobic doublet is three amino acids, or combinations thereof.

The peptide length in this embodiment is less than 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide length is between 13 and about 50 amino acids in length.

In the embodiments described above, where X at each of positions 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 11 (when present) of SEQ ID NO: 93 can be any amino acid, in certain embodiments these residues are hydrophilic in nature. As described above, these hydrophilic amino acids include Arg (R), Lys (K), Asp (D), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Asn (N), His (H), Ser (S), Thr (T), Gly (G), Pro (P), Tyr (Y), and Trp (W). Of these, Asp (D), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Asn (N) or their variants are preferred. Exemplary variants include g-glutamate for Glu and isoaspartic acid (or isoD) for Asp.

In this embodiment, the isolated peptide is stable when dissolved in water; resistant to chemical degradation in aqueous conditions in the presence of a pH buffer and a biocide, as described above; and/or has a solubility in an aqueous solution of at least about 1.0 mg/ml.

Another aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   XXGISEKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (SEQ ID NO: 1, P1/P4 consensus), wherein     -   X at position 1 is optional and can be S, N, D, isoD, G, A, or         S;     -   X at position 2 is optional and can be Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A,         or S;     -   X at position 8 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 9 is L, I, F, or V;     -   X at position 10 is optional and can be D or isoD;     -   X at position 11 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 12 is M, L, I, or F;     -   X at position 13 is M, L, or I;     -   X at position 14 is optional and can be any hydrophilic amino         acid, preferably C, S, T, A, D, isoD, K, or Q;     -   X at position 15 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, K, or I;     -   X at position 16 is M, L, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 17 is M, L, I, A, or V;     -   X at position 18 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, M, T, or K;     -   X at position 19 is A, D, isoD, S, V, T, K, R, E, g-glutamate,         H, or G;     -   X at position 20 is M, L, or I;     -   X at position 21 is M, L, I, V, S, or F;     -   X at position 22 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S;     -   X at position 23 is P, Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; and         wherein the isolated peptide comprises one or more mutations         relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence. In         certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the         aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical         degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide         comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence.

In certain embodiments, these peptides according to the second aspect of the invention also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present.

In this embodiment, the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence, for purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptide, is a polypeptide comprising or the peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQQ (P1, SEQ ID NO: 4) or SQGISEKQLDQLLCQLIQALL (amino acids 1-21 of SEQ ID NO: 5, P4). P1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) is derived from the full length protein of Xanthomonas harpin HpaG (Kim et al., “Mutational Analysis of Xanthomonas Harpin HpaG Identifies a Key Functional Region That Elicits the Hypersensitive Response in Nonhost Plants,” J. Bacteriol. 186(18):6239-6247 (2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). P4 (SEQ ID NO: 5) is derived from the full length harpin of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ji et al., “Two Coiled-Coil Regions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Harpin Differ in Oligomerization and Hypersensitive Response Induction,” Amino Acids 40:381-392 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In this embodiment, the isolated peptide is stable when dissolved in water; resistant to chemical degradation in aqueous conditions in the presence of a pH buffer and a biocide, as described above; and/or has a solubility in an aqueous solution of at least about 1.0 mg/ml.

The length of peptides according to this second aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide length is between 23 and about 50 amino acids in length.

One exemplary family of peptides according to the second aspect of the invention have the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   SXGISEKXXDXXXXXXXXAXXXP (SEQ ID NO: 2, P4 consensus), wherein     -   X at position 2 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 8 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 9 is L, A, D, isoD, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 11 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 12 is L, D, isoD, I, or F;     -   X at position 13 is L, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 14 is any hydrophilic amino acid, preferably C, S,         or T, S or T, or only S;     -   X at position 15 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, K, or I     -   X at position 16 is L, A, I, V, M, or F     -   X at position 17 is I, S, or F     -   X at position 18 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 20 is L, I, V, or F;     -   X at position 21 is L or F; and     -   X at position 22 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S.

In certain embodiments, these peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 2 also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. Thus, in these embodiments, X at position 14 is S or T, preferably S.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NO: 2, or are derived from SEQ ID NO: 2 and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Peptide Variants of Peptide P4 (SEQ ID NO: 5) SEQ ID Peptide Name Sequence NO: P4 SQGISEKQLDQLLCQLIQALLQP 5 P4-14s SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 6 P4-14s-18e SEGISEKQLDQLLSQLIEALLQP 191 P4-14s-18s SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLISALLQP 7 P4-14s-2,18e SEGISEKQLDQLLSQLIEALLQP 8 P4-2e-8e SEGISEKELDQLLSQLIQALLQP 9 P4-2e-8e-15e SEGISEKELDQLLSELIQALLQP 10 P4-allE SEGISEKELDELLSELIEALLQP 11 P4-14s-9i SQGISEKQIDQLLSQLIQALLQP 196 P4-14s-9v SQGISEKQVDQLLSQLIQALLQP 19 P4-14s-9f SQGISEKQFDQLLSQLIQALLQP 20 P4-14s-12i SQGISEKQLDQILSQLIQALLQP 22 P4-14s-12f SQGISEKQLDQFLSQLIQALLQP 23 P4-14s-13i SQGISEKQLDQLISQLIQALLQP 24 P4-14s-15a SQGISEKQLDQLLSALIQALLQP 27 P4-14s-15k SQGISEKQLDQLLSKLIQALLQP 28 P4-14s-15s SQGISEKQLDQLLSSLIQALLQP 29 P4-14s-15i SQGISEKQLDQLLSILIQALLQP 30 P4-14s-16i SQGISEKQLDQLLSQIIQALLQP 32 P4-14s-16f SQGISEKQLDQLLSQFIQALLQP 34 P4-14s-20i SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQAILQP 37 P4-14s-21f SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALFQP 40 P4-14s-dN6       KQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 94 P4-14s-dN5      EKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 95 P4-14s-dN4     SEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 96 P4-14s-dN2   GISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 97 P4-14s-3E SQEISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 98 P4-14S-4L SQGLSEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 99 P4-14S-4A SQGASEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 100 P4-14S-4D SQGDSEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 101 P4-14s-5V SQGIVEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 102 P4-14s-6R SQGISRKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 103 P4-14s-6V SQGISVKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 104 P4-14s-7D SQGISEDQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 105 P4-14s-7V SQGISEVQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 106 P4-14S-8V SQGISEKVLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 107 P4-14S-8S SQGISEKSLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 108 P4-14S-10V SQGISEKQLVQLLSQLIQALLQP 111 P4-14S-11V SQGISEKQLDVLLSQLIQALLQP 112 P4-14S-12V SQGISEKQLDQVLSQLIQALLQP 113 P4-14S-12S SQGISEKQLDQSLSQLIQALLQP 114 P4-14S-14V SQGISEKQLDQLLVQLIQALLQP 116 P4-14S-15V SQGISEKQLDQLLSVLIQALLQP 117 P4 SQGISEKQLDQLLCQLIQALLQP 5 P4-14s-17L SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLLQALLQP 119 P4-14s-17A SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLAQALLQP 120 P4-14s-17V SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLVQALLQP 121 P4-14S-18V SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIVALLQP 122 P4-14S-19V SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQVLLQP 123 P4-14S-19D SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQDLLQP 124 P4-14S-19S SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQSLLQP 125 P4-14S-21S SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALSQP 127 P4-14S-21I SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALIQP 128 P4-14S-21V SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALVQP 129 P4-14S-22V SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLVP 130 P4-14S-dC2 SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALL 131 p4-d10 SQGISEKQL_QLLSQLIQALLQP 132 p4-d14 SQGISEKQLDQLL_QLIQALLQP 133 P4-14A SQGISEKQLDQLLAQLIQALLQP 136 p4-14D SQGISEKQLDQLLDQLIQALLQP 137 P4-14K SQGISEKQLDQLLKQLIQALLQP 138 P4-14Q SQGISEKQLDQLLQQLIQALLQP 139 p4-i9A SQGISEKQALDQLLSQLIQALLQP 140 polyE-minp4    SEEEEELDQLLSQLIQALLQP 232 polyE-min2p4    SEEEEELDQLLSQLIQALLQ 31 polyE-min3P4    SEEEEELDQLLSQLIQALL 33 P4-NpolyR   RRRRRGGLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 35 P4-CpolyR          LDQLLSQLIQALLQPGGRRRRR 36 P4-NpolyK   KKKKKGGLDQLLSQLIQALLQP 38 P4-CpolyK          LDQLLSQLIQALLQPGGKKKKK 39 P4-7E-cR SQGISEEQLDQLLSQLIQALLQPR 194 minp4-PolyE          LDQLLSQLIQALLEEEEE 192 SEE-minp4-EE       SEELDQLLSQLIQALLEE 193 Select peptides in Table 1 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEEEE, SEE, EEEEE, EE, RRRRRGG, KKKKKGG, GGKKKKK, and GGRRRRR. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 1 but lacking these specific solubility tags (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

As noted above, the peptide P4 (SEQ ID NO: 5) is derived from the harpin of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ji et al., “Two Coiled-Coil Regions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Harpin Differ in Oligomerization and Hypersensitive Response Induction,” Amino Acids 40:381-392 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Ji et al. discloses a fragment of this harpin having the amino acid sequence SQGISEKQLDQLLCQLIQALL (i.e., amino acids 1-21 of SEQ ID NO: 5). In certain embodiments, an isolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 is a peptide that has an overall length of less than about 100 amino acids (i.e., from 23 amino acids up to about 100 amino acids in length). In certain other embodiments, the isolated peptide consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 5, whereas in another embodiment the isolated peptide consists of SEQ ID NO: 5.

Another exemplary family of peptides according to the second aspect of the invention have the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   XXGISEKXLDXLLTXLIXALLXX (SEQ ID NO: 3, P1 consensus), wherein     -   X at position 1 is N, D, isoD, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 2 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 8 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 11 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 15 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 18 is M, T, K, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;     -   X at position 22 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; and     -   X at position 23 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S.

In certain embodiments, these peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 3 also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. Thus, in those embodiments, X at position 18 is T, K, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S.

In certain embodiments, the peptides sharing the structure of SEQ ID NO: 3 have at least one of the residues at positions 2, 8, 11, 15, 22, and 23 of SEQ ID NO: 3 being other than Gln (Q), i.e., being E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S. In certain embodiments, two or more of the residues at positions 2, 8, 11, 15, 22, and 23 of SEQ ID NO: 3 are other than Gln (Q), including three, four, five, or all six of these residues being other than Gln (Q).

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NO: 3, or are derived from SEQ ID NO: 3 and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Peptide Variants of Peptide P1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) SEQ ID Peptide Name Sequence NO: P1 NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQQ 4 P1-2E NEGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQQ 41 P1-18T NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLITALLQQ 42 P1-18E NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIEALLQQ 43 P1-18A NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIAALLQQ 44 P1-18K NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIKALLQQ 45 P1-2E,8E,11E,15E,18E NEGISEKELDELLTELIEALLQQ 46 P1-1S SQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQQ 109 P1-14S NQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIMALLQQ 110 P1-18Q NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIQALLQQ 115 P1-23P NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQP 118 polyE-minP1   SEEEEELDQLLTQLIEALLQQ 126 polyE-min2P1   SEEEEELDQLLTQLIEALLQ 134 polyE-min3P1   SEEEEELDQLLTQLIEALL 141 pl-allE-17A NEGISEKELDELLTELAEALLQQ 195 Select peptides in Table 2 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 2 but lacking this specific solubility tag (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

As noted above, the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 is derived from the harpin of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ji et al., “Two Coiled-Coil Regions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Harpin Differ in Oligomerization and Hypersensitive Response Induction,” Amino Acids 40:381-392 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) KPXDSXSXIAKLISXLIXSLLX (SEQ ID NO: 47, P15b/P20 consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 3 is N, D, or isoD;         -   X at position 6 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;         -   X at position 8 is N, D, or isoD;         -   X at position 15 is optional and can be any amino acid;         -   X at position 18 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K; and         -   X at position 22 is optional and can be Q, E, g-glutamate,             G, A, or S; or     -   (ii) IAKLISXLIXSLLX (SEQ ID NO: 12, P15/20 min consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 7 is optional and can be any amino acid;         -   X at position 10 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K; and         -   X at position 14 is optional and can be Q, E, g-glutamate,             G, A, or S.

In certain embodiments, these peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 47 or 12 also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. Thus, in those embodiments, X at position 15 of SEQ ID NO: 47 is other than M, and X at position 18 of SEQ ID NO: 47 is E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K. Similarly, X at position 7 of SEQ ID NO: 12 is other than M, and X at position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 47 is E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K.

The length of peptides according to this third aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide is between 20 and 44 amino acids in length.

In certain embodiments, the peptides sharing the structure of SEQ ID NO: 47 have at least one of the residues at positions 6 and 22 of SEQ ID NO: 47 being other than Gln (Q), i.e., being E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S. In certain embodiments, both the residues at positions 6 and 22 of SEQ ID NO: 47 are other than Gln (Q), or the residue at position 6 is other than Gln (Q) while the residue at position 22 is absent.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NO: 47 or 12, or are derived from one of SEQ ID NOS: 47 and 12, and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3 Peptide Variants of Peptide P15/P20 Consensus (SEQ ID NOS: 47 or 12) Peptide Name Sequence SEQ ID NO: Wildtype QKDVNFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQMLT 48 P15b                     KPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQ 49 P15b-8D-18E                     KPNDSQSDIAKLISALIESLLQ 50 P15b-8D-18A                     KPNDSQSDIAKLISALIASLLQ 51 P15b-8D-18S                     KPNDSQSDIAKLISALISSLLQ 52 P15b-8D-18T                     KPNDSQSDIAKLISALITSLLQ 53 P15b-8D-18K                     KPNDSQSDIAKLISALIKSLLQ 54 P15b-8D-6,18E                     KPNDSESDIAKLISALIESLLQ 55 P15b-3,8D                     KPDDSQSDIAKLISALIMSLLQ 56 P15b-3,8D-6E                     KPDDSESDIAKLISALIMSLLQ 57 P15b-3,8D-18E                     KPDDSQSDIAKLISALIESLLQ 58 P15b-3,8D-6,18E                     KPDDSESDIAKLISALIESLLQ 59 P15b-3,8D-allE                     KPDDSESDIAKLISALIESLLE 60 P15b-8D-allE                     KPNDSESDIAKLISALIESLLE 61 P15b-3D-allE                     KPDDSESNIAKLISALIESLLE 62 P15a     NFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQM 63 P15a-34Q-39P     NFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIQSLLQP 142 P15a-39P     NFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQP 143 P15a-34Q     NFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIQSLLQM 144 P15                     KPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQM 64 P15-59G                     SEEEEEGGIAKLISALIESLLE 149 P15-59                       SEEEEEIAKLISALIESLLE 150 P15-dn4                         SQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQ 227 P20       GTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLIS_LIMSLL 65 P20-5                     KPNDSQSNIAKLIS_LIMSLL 151 P20-6                     KPNDSQSNIAKLIS_LIESLL 152

Select peptides in Table 3 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 3 but lacking this specific solubility tag (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

In this embodiment, the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence corresponds to amino acids 52 to 96 of the Pseudomonas syringae HrpW sequence identified in PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptides, it is intended that the polypeptide comprising or the peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48 is used as a reference.

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 48. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48. In this embodiment, the isolated peptide is stable when dissolved in water; resistant to chemical degradation in aqueous conditions in the presence of a pH buffer and a biocide, as described above; and/or has a solubility in an aqueous solution of at least about 1.0 mg/ml.

In certain embodiments, an isolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47 is a peptide that has an overall length between 20 and 36 amino acids, and consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 63, or SEQ ID NO: 64, whereas in another embodiment the isolated peptide consists of SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 63, or SEQ ID NO: 64.

In certain embodiments, an isolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47 is a peptide that has an overall length of less than 100 amino acids and the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO: 65. In certain embodiments the amino acid sequence of the peptide consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 65, whereas in another embodiment the isolated peptide consists of SEQ ID NO: 65.

A further aspect of the invention relates to an isolated peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) PSPXTXXLXXIVGXILXAXN (SEQ ID NO: 66, P6/6a consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 4 is F or Y;         -   X at position 6 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;         -   X at position 7 is optional and, according to one             embodiment, can be M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K; or             according to another embodiment can be L;         -   X at position 9 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K;         -   X at position 10 is H or N;         -   X at position 14 is E, g-glutamate, D, or isoD;         -   X at position 17 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; and         -   X at position 19 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S; or     -   (ii) XTXXLXXIVGXIL (SEQ ID NO: 135, P6/6a min consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 1 is F or Y;         -   X at position 3 is Q, E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S;         -   X at position 4 is optional and, according to one             embodiment, can be M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K; or             according to another embodiment can be L;         -   X at position 6 is M, E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K;         -   X at position 7 is H or N; and         -   X at position 11 is E, g-glutamate, D, or isoD;             wherein the isolated peptide comprises one or more mutations             relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence. In             certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the             aqueous solubility, stability, or resistance to chemical             degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a             polypeptide comprising the corresponding wildtype amino acid             sequence.

A comparative wildtype sequence corresponds to amino acids 85-105 of the full length harpin of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ji et al., “Two Coiled-Coil Regions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Harpin Differ in Oligomerization and Hypersensitive Response Induction,” Amino Acids 40:381-392 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). This comparative wildtype sequence is the peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence PSPFTQMLMHIVGEILQAQNG (SEQ ID NO: 153).

In certain embodiments, the peptide according to this aspect does not consist of the amino acid sequence of PSPFTQMLMHIVGEILQAQN (P6a, SEQ ID NO: 67), which corresponds to amino acids 85-104 of the full length harpin of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ji et al., “Two Coiled-Coil Regions of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Harpin Differ in Oligomerization and Hypersensitive Response Induction,” Amino Acids 40:381-392 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In certain embodiments, the peptide of this aspect does not comprise the peptide sequence of motif 2 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,440,881, which is defined as (P/A/V)S(P/Q/A)(F/L/Y)TQ(M/A)LM(H/N/Q)IV(G/M)(E/D/Q), SEQ ID NO: 154. By way of example, peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 66 do not include peptides having M/A/T at position 7 when all other aligning residues match the sequence of motif 2; or peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 66 do not include peptides having H/N at position 10 when all other aligning residues match the sequence of motif 2; or peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 66 do not include peptides having E/D at position 14 when all other aligning residues match the sequence of motif 2. Similarly, peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 135 do not include peptides having M/A/T at position 4 when all other aligning residues match the sequence of motif 2; or peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 135 do not include peptides having H/N at position 7 when all other aligning residues match the sequence of motif 2; or peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 135 do not include peptides having E/D at position 11 when all other aligning residues match the sequence of motif 2.

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 153. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153.

The length of peptides according to this aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide is between 19 and 50 amino acids in length.

In certain embodiments, the peptides according to SEQ ID NOS: 66 and 135 also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. For example, in peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 66 that are free of methionine amino acid residues, X at position 7, if present, is E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, K, or L; and X at position 9 is E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K. Similarly, for peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 135 that are free of methionine amino acid residues, X at position 4, if present, is E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, K, or L; and X at position 6 is E, g-glutamate, G, A, S, T, or K.

In certain embodiments, the peptides sharing the structure of SEQ ID NO: 66 have at least one of the residues at positions 6, 17, and 19 of SEQ ID NO: 66 being other than Gln (Q), i.e., being E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S. In certain embodiments, two or three of the residues at positions 6, 17, and 19 of SEQ ID NO: 66 are other than Gln (Q). Similarly, for peptides sharing the structure of SEQ ID NO: 135, according to one embodiment these peptides have the residue at positions 6 being other than Gln (Q), i.e., being E, g-glutamate, G, A, or S.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NO: 66 or 135, or are derived from one of SEQ ID NOS: 66 and 135, and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 4 below:

TABLE 4 Peptide Variants of Peptide P6/P6b Consensus (SEQ ID NO: 66 or 135) SEQ ID Peptide Name Sequence NO: wildtype     PSPFTQMLMHIVGEILQAQNG 153 P6a     PSPFTQMLMHIVGEILQAQN 67 P6     PSPFTQ_LMHIVGEILQAQN 68 P6a-7A     PSPFTQALMHIVGEILQAQN 69 P6a-10N     PSPFTQMLMNIVGEILQAQN 70 P6a-4Y     PSPYTQMLMHIVGEILQAQN 71 P6a-14D     PSPFTQMLMHIVGDILQAQN 72 P6a-7,9A     PSPFTQALAHIVGEILQAQN 73 P6a-6E-7A     PSPFTEALMHIVGEILQAQN 74 P6a-6,17E-7A     PSPFTEALMHIVGEILEAQN 75 P6a-allE-7A     PSPFTEALMHIVGEILEAEN 76 P6a-allE-4Y-7A     PSPYTEALMHIVGEILEAEN 77 P6a-allE-7A-10N     PSPFTEALMNIVGEILEAEN 78 P6a-allE-7A-14D     PSPFTEALMHIVGDILEAEN 79 P6a-allE-4Y-7A-     PSPYTEALMNIVGDILEAEN 80 10N-14D P6b        FTQMLMHIVGEILQAQN 155 P6c     PSPFTQMLMHIVGEIL 156 P6-7L     PSPFTQLLMHIVGEILQAQN 157 P6-9E     PSPFTQMLEHIVGEILQAQN 158 P6a-7L,9E     PSPFTQLLEHIVGEILQAQN 159 P6d  SEEEEEFTQMLMHIVGEIL 160 P6d-7L-9E  SEEEEEFTQLLEHIVGEIL 161 p6a-dN3-sol     SEEFTQMLMHIVGEILQAQN 197 p6a-dC4-sol SEEEPSPFTQMLMHIVGEIL 198 Select peptides in Table 4 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEE, SEEE, and SEEEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 4 but lacking these specific solubility tags (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   (i) XXXXXXXXXXX(L/M)XXLLXXLLXXLLXXX (SEQ ID NO: 18, P17/18),         wherein         -   X at position 1 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 2 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 3 can be any amino acid, but preferably P, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 4 can be any amino acid, but preferably I, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, N, isoD, K, or R;         -   X at position 5 can be any amino acid, but preferably D,             isoD, S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, N, Q, K, or R;         -   X at position 6 can be any amino acid, but preferably R, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, or K;         -   X of position 7 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 8 can be any amino acid, but preferably T, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 9 can be any amino acid, but preferably I, Q,             S, E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 10 can be any amino acid, but preferably E,             g-glutamate, Q, S, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 11 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             E, g-glutamate, A, T, G, D, isoD, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 13 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 14 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 17 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 18 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 21 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R;         -   X at position 22 can be any amino acid, but preferably S, A,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 25 can be any amino acid, but preferably S, A,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 26 can be any amino acid, but preferably P, S,             A, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R; and         -   X at position 27 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, S,             A, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R; or     -   (ii) (L/M)XXLLXXLLXXLL (SEQ ID NO: 25, P17/18 min consensus),         wherein         -   X at position 2 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 3 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 6 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 7 can be any amino acid, but preferably Q, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 10 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R; and         -   X at position 11 can be any amino acid, but preferably S, A,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R.

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Erwinia amylovora HrpW. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to the wildtype HrpW sequence. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Erwinia amylovora HrpW.

PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, identifies two hypersensitive response eliciting domains of HrpW_(Ea). The first extends from amino acid 5 to amino acid 64, particularly from amino acid 31 to amino acid 57 of HrpW_(Ea). The second domain extends from amino acid 103 to amino acid 146, particularly from amino acid 116 to amino acid 140 of HrpW_(Ea). Despite this description in Fan et al., the reference identifies only a single peptide fragment of HrpW_(Ea), which is the peptide consisting of amino acids 10 to 59.

A comparative wildtype sequence corresponds to amino acids 10 to 59 of the full length Erwinia amylovora HrpW sequence identified in PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptides, it is intended that the peptide consisting of amino acids 10 to 59 of the Erwinia amylovora HrpW is used as a reference.

In certain embodiments, the peptide of this aspect does not consist of the amino acid sequence TSSSPGLFQSGGDNGLGGHNANSALGQQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAELLKSLL (SEQ ID NO: 162), which corresponds to amino acids 10 to 59 of the full length Erwinia amylovora HrpW (PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 162. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162.

The length of peptides according to this fourth aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide is between 13 and 50 amino acids in length, or even between 13 and 40 amino acids in length.

In certain embodiments, the peptides according to SEQ ID NOS: 18 and 25 also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. For example, when the peptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 18 is free of methionine amino acid residues, the amino acid at position 12 is L. Similarly, when the peptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 25 is free of methionine amino acid residues, the amino acid at position 1 is L.

In certain other embodiments, one or more of amino acids 1 to 11 and/or 25 to 27 is not present in the isolated peptide of SEQ ID NO: 18. For example, peptides lacking amino acids 25 to 27 exhibit improved stability relative to the wildtype sequence.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NO: 18 or 25, or are derived from one of SEQ ID NOS: 18 and 25, or meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 5 below:

TABLE 5 Peptide Variants of Peptides P17/P18 Consensus (SEQ ID NO: 18 or 25) SEQ Peptide ID Name Sequence NO: wildtype [*]QQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAELLKSLL 162 P17 [*]QQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAQLLKSLL 81 P17a [*]QQPIDRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLL 82 P18    QQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAQLLKSLLSPQ 83 P18a    QQPIDRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLLSPQ 84 P18b            IEQMAQLLAQLLKSLL 85 P18c            IEQLAQLLAQLLKSLL 86 P18d        DRQTIEQMAQLLAQLLKSLL 87 P18e        DRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLL 88 P18-1    QQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAQLLKSLL 163 P18-3    QQPIDRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLLSP 228 P18-4        DRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLLSP 164 P18-5          QTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLLSP 165 P18-6      SEEEEEIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLL 166 P18-7         SEEEEELAQLLAQLLKSLL 167 P18-10         SEEEEELAELLAELLKSLL 231 In P17, P17a, and the wildtype sequence, [*]= TSSSPGLFQSGGDNGLGGHNANSALG Select peptides in Table 5 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 5 but lacking these specific solubility tags (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

In this embodiment, the wildtype amino acid sequence corresponds to amino acids 10 to 59 of the Erwinia amylovora HrpW sequence identified in PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptides, it is intended that the peptide consisting of amino acids 10 to 59 of the Erwinia amylovora HrpW is used as a reference.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a peptide having the amino acid sequence of:

-   -   XLXX(L/M)LXLIXX(L/I/V/F/M)(L/I/V/F/M) (SEQ ID NO: 26, P19         consensus), wherein         -   X at position 1 is optional and can be L, I, V, F, or M;         -   X at position 3 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R;         -   X at position 4 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R;         -   X at position 7 can be any amino acid, but preferably K, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or R;         -   X at position 10 can be any amino acid, but preferably A, S,             T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, K, or R; and         -   X at position 11 can be any amino acid, but preferably R, A,             S, T, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate, Q, N, or K.

As noted above, PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, identifies two hypersensitive response eliciting domains of HrpW_(Ea), one of which extends from amino acid 103 to amino acid 146, particularly from amino acid 116 to amino acid 140 of HrpW_(Ea). Despite this description in Fan et al., this reference does not identify a peptide fragment of HrpW_(Ea) containing this domain.

A comparative wildtype sequence corresponds to amino acids 116 to 140 of the full length Erwinia amylovora HrpW sequence identified in PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptides, it is intended that the peptide consisting of amino acids 116 to 140 of the Erwinia amylovora HrpW is used as a reference.

In certain embodiments, the peptide of this aspect does not consist of the amino acid sequence ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKAMLKLIA (SEQ ID NO: 89), which corresponds to amino acids 116 to 140 of the full length Erwinia amylovora HrpW (PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to SEQ ID NO: 89. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89.

The length of peptides according to this aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide is between 18 and 50 amino acids in length.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NO: 26, or are derived from SEQ ID NO: 26 and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 6 below:

TABLE 6 Peptide Variants of Peptide P19 Consensus (SEQ ID NO: 26) SEQ Peptide ID Name Sequence NO: P19 ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKAMLKLIA 89 P19-20L ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKALLKLIA 90 P19a ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKAMLKLIARMMDG 91 P19a-allL ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKALLKLIARLLDG 92 P19-4      QGGGQIGDNPLLKAMLKLIARMMDG 226 P19-5     SEEEEEIGDNPLLKALLKLIARLLDG 168 P19-5a     SEEEEEIGDDELLKALLKLIARLLDG 169 P19-6          SEEEEELLKALLKLIARLLDG 170 P19-11     SEEEEEIGDNPLLKALLKLIARLL 171 P19-7          SEEEEELLKALLKLIARLL 172 P19-8           SEEEEELKALLKLIARLL 173 Select peptides in Table 6 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 6 but lacking this specific solubility tag (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

Certain peptides in Table 6 also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. When these peptides also meet the limitations of SEQ ID NO: 93, amino acid residue 1 of SEQ ID NO: 26, when present, is L, I, V, or F; amino acid 5 of SEQ ID NO: 26 is L; and amino acids 12 and 13 of SEQ ID NO: 26 are independently L, I, V, or F.

Still another aspect of the invention relates to a peptide having the amino acid sequence:

-   -   (i) XXXXXXLXXLLXXLVXLLK (SEQ ID NO: 13, P14d consensus), wherein         -   X at position 1 can be: Q, N, D, E, g-glutamate, isoD, or S;         -   X at position 2 can be: D, E, g-glutamate, isoD;         -   X at position 3 can be: P, D, E, isoD, or g-glutamate;         -   X at position 4 can be M, A, S, D, E, isoD, or g-glutamate         -   X at position 5 can be Q, E, or g-glutamate;         -   X at position 6 can be A, E, or g-glutamate;         -   X at position 8 can be M, L, E, Q, D, N, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 9 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 12 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 13 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate; and         -   X at position 16 can be K, Q, N, E, D, R, G, A, or S; or     -   (ii) LXXLLXXLVXLLK (SEQ ID NO: 14, P14d min consensus), wherein         -   X at position 2 can be M, L, E, Q, D, N, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 3 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 6 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate;         -   X at position 7 can be Q, N, E, D, G, A, S, isoD, or             g-glutamate; and         -   X at position 10 can be K, Q, N, E, D, R, G, A, or S.

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Ralstonia solanacearum (previously Pseudomonas solanacearum) PopA. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to the wildtype PopA sequence. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Ralstonia solanacearum PopA.

A comparative wildtype sequence corresponds to amino acids 92 to 125 of the Ralstonia solanacearum (previously Pseudomonas solanacearum) PopA sequence identified in PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptides, it is intended that the wildtype peptide of Fan et al., consisting of amino acids 92 to 125 of the Ralstonia solanacearum PopA, is used as a reference.

In certain embodiments, the peptide of this aspect does not consist of the amino acid sequence of QAPQSANKTGNVDDANNQDPMQALMQLLEDLVKL (SEQ ID NO: 174), which corresponds to amino acids 92 to 125 of the Ralstonia solanacearum PopA (see PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The length of peptides according to this aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide is between 12 and 50 amino acids in length.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NOS: 13 or 14, or are derived from SEQ ID NO: 13 and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 7 below:

TABLE 7 Peptide Variants of Peptide P14d (SEQ ID NO: 13) Peptide Name Sequence SEQ ID NO: wildtype  QAPQSANKTGNVDDANNQDPMQALMQLLEDLVKL 174 P14d                   QDPMQALMQLLEDLVKLLK 175 P14e                   QDPAQALLQLLEDLVKLLK 176 P14f                   QDPAQALEQLLEDLVKLLK 177 P14-30                  SEEEEEALEQLLEDLVKLLK 178 P14c QAGPQSANKTGNVDDANNQDPMQALMQLLEDLVKLLK 199 Select peptides in Table 7 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 7 but lacking this specific solubility tag (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

It is notable that a C-terminal lysine residue seems to be necessary for HR elicitation by p14d variants. This is a slight deviation from the canonical sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. Without being bound by belief, it is believed that the C-terminal lysine may be necessary due to the single hydrophilic amino acid between 2 hydrophobic doublet sequences within the p14d variants (LVKLL).

Certain peptides according to this aspect also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. For example, for peptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, amino acid residue 4 of SEQ ID NO: 13 is A, S, D, isoD, E, or g-glutamate, and amino acid residue 8 of SEQ ID NO: 13 is L, E, g-glutamate, Q, D, isoD, N, G, A, or S. Similarly, for peptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 14 the amino acid residue at position 2 is L, E, g-glutamate, Q, D, isoD, N, G, A, or S.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a peptide having the amino acid sequence:

-   -   (i) LXXL(L/M)XILXXLV (SEQ ID NO: 16, P25 consensus) wherein         -   X at position 2 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 3 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 6 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 9 can be E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, Q, N, T, S,             A, or G; and         -   X at position 10 can be A, G, S, T, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD,             Q, or N; or     -   (ii) LXXVLXXL(L/M)XILXXLV (SEQ ID NO: 17, P25 consensus) wherein         -   X at position 2 can be T, S, A, G, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate,             Q, or N;         -   X at position 3 can be G, T, S, A, D, isoD, E, g-glutamate,             Q, or N;         -   X at position 6 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 7 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 10 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 13 can be E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, Q, N, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 14 can be A, G, S, T, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD,             Q, or N; and         -   V at position 16 is optional.

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Ralstonia solanacearum (previously Pseudomonas solanacearum) PopA. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to the wildtype PopA sequence. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Ralstonia solanacearum PopA.

A comparative wildtype sequence corresponds to amino acids 206 to 260 of the Ralstonia solanacearum (previously Pseudomonas solanacearum) PopA sequence, which is identified in PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, as a hypersensitive response domain. For purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptides, it is intended that the wildtype peptide of Fan et al., consisting of amino acids 206 to 260 of the Ralstonia solanacearum PopA, is used as a reference.

In certain embodiments, the peptide of this aspect does not consist of the amino acid sequence of NGADGGNGVNGNQANGPQNAGDVNGANGADDGSEDQGGLTGVLQK LMKILNALVQ (SEQ ID NO: 179), which corresponds to amino acids 206 to 260 of the Ralstonia solanacearum PopA (see PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The length of peptides according to this aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, or less than about 50 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide is between 12 and 50 amino acids in length.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with one of SEQ ID NOS: 16 or 17, or are derived from one of SEQ ID NOS: 16 or 17 and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 8 below:

TABLE 8 Peptide Variants of Peptides P2 (SEQ ID NO: 180) and P25 (SEQ ID NO: 182) SEQ Peptide ID Name Sequence NO: wildtype [*]ANGADDGSEDQGG__LTGVLQKLMKILNALVQ 179 P2    ANGADDGSEDQGGLTLTGVLQKLMKILNALVQ 180 P25-4            EDQGGLTLTGVLQKLMKILNALVQ 181 P25               GGLTLTGVLQKLMKILNAL 182 P25s            EDQGGLTLTGVLQKLMKILNAL 183 P25-7            EDQGGLTLTGVLQKLLKILNAL 184 P25-8            EDQGGLILTGVLQELMEILNAL 185 P25-20E            EDQGGLTLTGVLQKLLKILEALVQ 186 P25-10            SEEEELTLTGVLQKLLKILEAL 187 P25-11             SEEEEELTGVLQKLLKILEAL 188 P25-15           SEEEEELTLTGVLQKLLKILEA 200 P25-16                SEEEEEVLQKLLKILEALV 201 P25-17                 SEEEEELQKLLKILEALVQ 202 [*] = N-terminal sequence NGADGGNGVNGNQANGPQNAGDVNG Select peptides in Table 8 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 8 but lacking these specific solubility tags (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

Notably, a number of these derivative peptides in Table 8 include a repeated LT sequence not observed in the wildtype sequence. However, one should note that these sequences require a larger hydrophobic sequence to cause a hypersensitive response as compared with SEQ ID NO: 93. Without being bound by belief, it is believed that this may be due to the presence of the amino acid valine in the sequence rather than leucine as well as the presence of only a single hydrophilic amino acid between the hydrophobic doublets (LLKIL). Although these changes are deleterious to HR, their effect can be reversed by the addition of additional hydrophobic residues at the C-terminus of the peptide ( . . . KIL versus . . . KILEALV or . . . KILNALV).

Certain peptides according to this aspect also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. For example, for peptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 16, amino acid residue 5 is L; and for peptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 17, amino acid residue 9 is L.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a peptide having the amino acid sequence:

-   -   (i) (L/M)XXLLX(L/M)FXXI(L/M)XX (SEQ ID NO: 15, P3 min consensus)         wherein         -   X at position 2 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 3 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 6 can be K, Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T,             S, A, or G;         -   X at position 9 can be E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, Q, N, T, S,             A, or G;         -   X at position 10 can be A, G, S, T, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD,             Q, or N;         -   X at position 13 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G; and         -   X at position 14 can be Q, N, E, g-glutamate, D, isoD, T, S,             A, or G.

In certain embodiments, the peptide includes one or more mutations relative to a corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Erwinia amylovora HrpN. These one or more mutations include deletions or substitutions relative to the wildtype HrpN sequence. In certain embodiments, the one or more mutations improve the solubility in aqueous solution, stability, and/or resistance to chemical degradation of the isolated peptide relative to a polypeptide comprising or consisting of the corresponding wildtype amino acid sequence of Erwinia amylovora HrpN.

A comparative wildtype sequence corresponds to amino acids 137 to 180 or 150 to 180 of the Erwinia amylovora HrpN sequence, which are identified in U.S. Pat. No. 7,132,525 to Wei et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The HrpN peptide containing aa 137 to 180 was identified as a hypersensitive response-eliciting fragment, whereas the HrpN peptide containing aa 150 to 180 could not be expressed and tested. For purposes of comparing properties of the inventive peptides, it is intended that the wildtype peptide of Wei et al., consisting of either amino acids 137 to 180 or 150 to 180 of the Erwinia amylovora HrpN, is used as a reference.

In certain embodiments, the peptide of this aspect does not consist of the amino acid sequence of S₁₃₇TSQNDDSTSGTDS₁₅₀TSDSSDPMQQLLKMFSEIMQSLFGDGQDGT₁₈₀ (SEQ ID NO: 230), which corresponds to amino acids 137 to 180 of the Erwinia amylovora HrpN (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,132,525 to Wei et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), or the 31-amino acid peptide corresponding to aa 150 to 180 thereof.

The length of peptides according to this aspect is preferably less than about 100 amino acids, or alternatively less than 90 amino acids, less than 80 amino acids, less than 70 amino acids, less than 60 amino acids, less than about 50 amino acids, less than about 40 amino acids, or less than 30 amino acids. In certain embodiments, the peptide is between 12 and 30 amino acids in length.

Exemplary peptides that share the consensus structure with SEQ ID NOS: 15, or are derived from SEQ ID NOS: 15 and meet the consensus structure of SEQ ID NO: 93, are identified in Table 9 below:

TABLE 9 Peptide Variants of Peptide P3 Consensus (SEQ ID NO: 15) Peptide SEQ Name Sequence ID NO: wildtype STSQNDDSTSGTDSTSDSSDPMQQLLKMFSEIMQSLFGDGQDGT 203 P3    QNDDSTSGTDSTSDSSDPMQQLLKMFSEIMQSLFGDGQDGT 204 P3-3                   SDPMQQLLKMFSEIMQSLF 205 P3-4                  SEEELQQLLKLFSEILQSLF 206 P3-6                SEEEEELQQLLKLFSEILQSL 207 P3-7                SEEEEELQQLLKLFSEILQS 208 P3-11                      LQQLLKLFSEILQSLFEEEE 209 Select peptides in Table 9 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEEE, SEEEEE, and EEEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 9 but lacking these specific solubility tags (or having a different solubility tag) are also contemplated herein.

It is notable that the minimal P3 sequence requires a longer sequence than the minimal HR-box sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. Without being bound by belief, it is believed that this may be due to the presence of two phenylalanine residues within the hydrophobic sequence.

Certain peptides according to this aspect also meet the structural features defining the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93, in which case methionine and cysteine residues are not present. For example, for peptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acid residues 1, 7, and 12 are L.

Based on the disclosed consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO: 93), it is possible to generate novel peptide sequences with predicted HR activity that deviate significantly from bacterial protein sequences. These peptides can contain hydrophilic residues optimized for maximum solubility and chemical stability. In a preferred embodiment, these hydrophilic residues are glutamate. Lysine and arginine are also possible choices, however a large number of these residues will cause a toxic response in the plant.

In addition to the foregoing peptides that are modeled (and modified) based on naturally occurring sequences within larger HR-eliciting proteins, the present invention also contemplates entirely synthetic peptides that meet the consensus of SEQ ID NO: 93. Ideally, these synthetic peptides include a number of strongly hydrophilic amino acids spanning between the hydrophobic residues specified by SEQ ID NO: 93. Exemplary synthetic peptides are listed in Table 10 below. These peptides contain the necessary hydrophobic peptides associated with HR elicitation. The intervening hydrophilic residues are chosen for maximum solubility, preferably with charged amino acids. It is possible to use uncharged amino acids, but larger proportions of uncharged amino acids may cause the resulting peptide to aggregate in solution and form a precipitate or gel. Glutamate is preferred for chemical stability over aspartate. Although lysine and arginine have even superior solubility characteristics, poly-cations produced a toxic response in the tested plants. As a result, arginine-rich sequences such as P30-1 (SEQ ID NO: 211) should be avoided.

TABLE 10 Other HR-box peptides Peptide SEQ Name Sequence ID NO: P30-2 SEELEELLEELIEELL 189 P30-3    LEELLEELIEELLEE 190 P30-4    LEELLEELIEELL 210 P30-1   RLRRLLRRLIRRLLRP 211 P30-5    LDDLLDDLIDDLLDD 212 P18-13    LEELLEELLEELLEE 213 P14-54 LEQLLEDLVKLL

EE 214 P14-55 LEQLLEDLVELL

EE 215 P14-56 LEELLEDLVELL

EE 216 P14-57 LEELLEELVELL

EE 217 P3-12 LEELLELFEEILEELFEE 218 P3-13 LEELLKLFEEILEELFEE 219 P20-50a IEELIELIEELLEE 220 P15-67 IEELIEELIEELLEE 221 P19-54c LEELLKLIERLLEE 222 P19-54b LEELLELIERLLEE 223 P19-54a LEELLKLIEELLEE 224 P19-54 LEELLELIEELLEE 225 Select peptides in Table 10 include solubility tags, indicated by italic print, including SEE, EE, DD, or EEE. Peptides comprising the sequences shown in Table 10 but lacking these specific solubility tags (or having different solubility tags) are also contemplated herein.

The isolated peptides of the invention can also be presented in the form of a fusion peptide that includes, in addition, a second amino acid sequence coupled to the inventive peptides via peptide bond. The second amino acid sequence can be a purification tag, such as poly-histidine (His₆-), a glutathione-S-transferase (GST-), or maltose-binding protein (MBP-), which assists in the purification but can later be removed, i.e., cleaved from the peptide following recovery. Protease-specific cleavage sites or chemical-specific cleavage sites (i.e., in a cleavable linker sequence) can be introduced between the purification tag and the desired peptide. Protease-specific cleavage sites are well known in the literature and include, without limitation, the enterokinase specific cleavage site (Asp)₄-Lys, which is cleaved after lysine; the factor Xa specific cleavage site Ile-(Glu or Asp)-Gly-Arg, which is cleaved after arginine; the trypsin specific cleavage site, which cleaves after Lys and Arg; and the Genenase™ I specific cleavage site Pro-Gly-Ala-Ala-His-Tyr. Chemicals and their specific cleavage sites include, without limitation, cyanogen bromide (CNBr), which cleaves at methionine (Met) residues; BNPS-skatole, which cleaves at tryptophan (Trp) residues; formic acid, which cleaves at aspartic acid-proline (Asp-Pro) peptide bonds; hydroxylamine, which cleaves at asparagine-glycine (Asn-Gly) peptide bonds; and 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid (NTCB), which cleaves at cysteine (Cys) residues (see Crimmins et al., “Chemical Cleavage of Proteins in Solution,” Curr. Protocol. Protein Sci., Chapter 11: Unit 11.4 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In order to use one of these cleavage methods, it may be necessary to remove unwanted cleavage sites from within the desired peptide sequences by mutation. For example, p4-7E-cR (SEQ ID NO: 40) has been mutated for compatibility with trypsin: the lysine residue at position 7 is mutated to a glutamate and a C-terminal arginine is added to represent the product of a theoretical trypsin cleavage. Likewise, p19-5 (SEQ ID NO: 168) contains the sequence ‘NP’ which can be cleaved under acidic conditions. Mutation of these residues to ‘DE’ in p19-5a (SEQ ID NO: 169) prevents this particular cleavage mechanism. The desired peptide product can be purified further to remove the cleaved purification tags.

The isolated peptides of the invention can also be presented in the form of a fusion peptide that includes multiple peptide sequences of the present invention linked together by a linker sequence, which may or may not take the form of a cleavable amino acid sequence of the type described above. Such multimeric fusion proteins may or may not include purification tags. In one embodiment, each monomeric sequence can include a purification tag linked to a peptide of the invention by a first cleavable peptide sequence; and the several monomeric sequences can be linked to adjacent monomeric sequences by a second cleavable peptide sequence. Consequently, upon expression of the multimeric fusion protein, i.e., in a host cell, the recovered fusion protein can be treated with a protease or chemical that is effective to cleave the second cleavable peptide sequence, thereby releasing individual monomeric peptide sequences containing purification tags. Upon affinity purification, the recovered monomeric peptide sequences can be treated with a protease or chemical that is effective to cleave the first cleavable peptide sequence and thereby release the purification tag from the peptide of interest. The latter can be further purified using gel filtration and/or HPLC as described infra.

According to one approach, the peptides of the present invention can be synthesized by standard peptide synthesis operations. These include both FMOC (9-fluorenylmethyloxy-carbonyl) and tBoc (tert-butyloxy-carbonyl) synthesis protocols that can be carried out on automated solid phase peptide synthesis instruments including, without limitation, the Applied Biosystems 431 A, 433 A synthesizers and Peptide Technologies Symphony or large scale Sonata or CEM Liberty automated solid phase peptide synthesizers. The use of alternative peptide synthesis instruments is also contemplated. Peptides prepared using solid phase synthesis are recovered in a substantially pure form.

The peptides of the present invention may be also prepared by using recombinant expression systems followed by separation and purification of the recombinantly prepared peptides. Generally, this involves inserting an encoding nucleic acid molecule into an expression system to which the molecule is heterologous (i.e., not normally present). One or more desired nucleic acid molecules encoding a peptide of the invention may be inserted into the vector. The heterologous nucleic acid molecule is inserted into the expression system or vector in proper sense (5′-3′) orientation and correct reading frame relative to the promoter and any other 5′ and 3′ regulatory molecules.

Representative nucleotide sequences for expression in bacteria and plant hosts are included in Table 11 below:

TABLE 11 Peptide & SEQ ID Optimized Host Nucleotide Sequence NO: P4-14s TCTCAAGGAATTTCTGAAAAGCAA 145 A. thaliana CTTGATCAACTTCTTTCTCAACTT ATTCAAGCTCTTCTTCAACCT P4-14s AGCCAGGGTATTAGCGAAAAACAG 146 E. coli CTGGATCAGCTGCTGAGCCAGCTG ATTCAGGCACTGCTGCAGCCG P1-2E, 8E,   AATGAAGGAATTTCTGAAAAGGAA 147 11E, 15E, 18E CTTGATGAACTTCTTACTGAACTT A. thaliana ATTGAAGCTCTTCTTCAACAA P1-2E, 8E,  AATGAAGGTATTAGCGAAAAAGAA 148 11E, 15E, 18E CTGGATGAACTGCTGACCGAACTG E. coli ATTGAAGCACTGCTGCAGCAG With knowledge of the encoded amino acid sequence listed herein and the desired transgenic organism, additional codon-optimized DNA sequences and RNA sequences can be generated with nothing more than routine skill.

Expression (including transcription and translation) of a peptide or fusion polypeptide of the invention by the DNA construct may be regulated with respect to the level of expression, the tissue type(s) where expression takes place and/or developmental stage of expression. A number of heterologous regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters and enhancers) are available for controlling the expression of the DNA construct. These include constitutive, inducible and regulatable promoters, as well as promoters and enhancers that control expression in a tissue- or temporal-specific manner. Exemplary constitutive promoters include the raspberry E4 promoter (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,783,393 and 5,783,394, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter (Ebert et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 84:5745-5749 (1987), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the octopine synthase (OCS) promoter (which is carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens), the caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 19S promoter (Lawton et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 9:315-324 (1987), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and the CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the figwort mosaic virus 35S-promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,619, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the light-inducible promoter from the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO), the Adh promoter (Walker et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 84:6624-6628 (1987), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the sucrose synthase promoter (Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:4144-4148 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the R gene complex promoter (Chandler et al., Plant Cell 1:1175-1183 (1989), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene promoter, the CsVMV promoter (Verdaguer et al., Plant Mol Biol., 37:1055-1067 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and the melon actin promoter (PCT Publ. No. WO00/56863, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Exemplary tissue-specific promoters include the tomato E4 and E8 promoters (U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,330, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and the tomato 2AII gene promoter (Van Haaren et al., Plant Mol Bio., 21:625-640 (1993), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In one preferred embodiment, expression of the DNA construct is under control of regulatory sequences from genes whose expression is associated with early seed and/or embryo development. Indeed, in a preferred embodiment, the promoter used is a seed-enhanced promoter. Examples of such promoters include the 5′ regulatory regions from such genes as napin (Kridl et al., Seed Sci. Res. 1:209:219 (1991), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), globulin (Belanger and Kriz, Genet. 129: 863-872 (1991), GenBank Accession No. L22295, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), gamma zein Z 27 (Lopes et al., Mol Gen Genet. 247:603-613 (1995), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), L3 oleosin promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), phaseolin (Bustos et al., Plant Cell 1(9):839-853 (1989), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), arcelin5 (U.S. Application Publ. No. 2003/0046727, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), a soybean 7S promoter, a 7Sa promoter (U.S. Application Publ. No. 2003/0093828, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the soybean 75αβ conglycinin promoter, a 7Sα promoter (Beachy et al., EMBO J. 4:3047 (1985); Schuler et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 10(24):8225-8244 (1982), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), soybean trypsin inhibitor (Riggs et al., Plant Cell 1(6):609-621 (1989), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), ACP (Baerson et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 22(2):255-267 (1993), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), stearoyl-ACP desaturase (Slocombe et al., Plant Physiol. 104(4):167-176 (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), soybean a′ subunit of β-conglycinin (Chen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:8560-8564 (1986), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), Vicia faba USP (U.S. Application Publ. No. 2003/229918, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and Zea mays L3 oleosin promoter (Hong et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 34(3):549-555 (1997), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Nucleic acid molecules encoding the peptides of the present invention can be prepared via solid-phase synthesis using, e.g., the phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2′-deoxynucleosides. To obtain the desired oligonucleotide, the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product. Upon the completion of the chain assembly, the product is released from the solid phase to solution, deprotected, collected, and typically purified using HPLC. The limits of solid phase synthesis are suitable for preparing oligonucleotides up to about 200 nt in length, which encodes peptides on the order of about 65 amino acids or less. The ends of the synthetized oligonucleotide can be designed to include specific restriction enzyme cleavage site to facilitate ligation of the synthesized oligonucleotide into an expression vector.

For longer peptides, oligonucleotides can be prepared via solid phase synthesis and then the synthetic oligonucleotide sequences ligated together using various techniques. Recombinant techniques for the fabrication of whole synthetic genes are reviewed, for example, in Hughes et al., “Chapter Twelve—Gene Synthesis: Methods and Applications,” Methods in Enzymology 498:277-309 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Once a suitable expression vector is selected, the desired nucleic acid sequences are cloned into the vector using standard cloning procedures in the art, as described by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Laboratory, Cold Springs Harbor, N.Y. (1989), or U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,224 to Cohen and Boyer, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The vector is then introduced to a suitable host.

A variety of host-vector systems may be utilized to recombinantly express the peptides of the present invention. Primarily, the vector system must be compatible with the host used. Host-vector systems include, without limitation, the following: bacteria transformed with bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA, or cosmid DNA; microorganisms such as yeast containing yeast vectors; mammalian cell systems infected with virus (e.g., vaccinia virus, adenovirus, etc.); insect cell systems infected with virus (e.g., baculovirus); and plant cells infected by Agrobacterium. The expression elements of these vectors vary in their strength and specificities. Depending upon the host-vector system utilized, any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements can be used to carry out this and other aspects of the present invention.

Purified peptides may be obtained by several methods. The peptide is preferably produced in purified form (preferably at least about 80% or 85% pure, more preferably at least about 90% or 95% pure) by conventional techniques. Depending on whether the recombinant host cell is made to secrete the peptide into growth medium (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,509 to Bauer et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the peptide can be isolated and purified by centrifugation (to separate cellular components from supernatant containing the secreted peptide) followed by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation of the supernatant. The fraction containing the peptide is subjected to gel filtration in an appropriately sized dextran or polyacrylamide column to separate the peptides from other proteins. If necessary, the peptide fraction may be further purified by HPLC.

Alternatively, if the peptide of interest of interest is not secreted, it can be isolated from the recombinant cells using standard isolation and purification schemes. This includes disrupting the cells (e.g., by sonication, freezing, French press, etc.) and then recovering the peptide from the cellular debris. Purification can be achieved using the centrifugation, precipitation, and purification procedures described above. The use of purification tags, described above, can simplify this process.

In certain embodiments, purification is not required. Where purification is not performed, cell-free lysates (i.e., clarified cell extracts) can be recovered following centrifugation for removal of cellular debris. The resulting cell-free lysate can be treated with heat for a sufficient amount of time to deactivate any native proteases in the recovered fraction, e.g., 10 min at 100° C. If desired, one or more of biocidal agents, protease inhibitors, and non-ionic surfactants can be introduced to such a cell-free preparation (see U.S. Application Publ. No. 20100043095 to Wei, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Once the peptides of the present invention are recovered, they can be used to prepare a composition that includes a carrier, and one or more additives selected from the group consisting of a bacteriocidal or biocidal agent, a protease inhibitor, a non-ionic surfactant, a fertilizer, an herbicide, an insecticide, a fungicide, a nematicide, biological inoculants, plant regulators, and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compositions include greater than about 1 nM of the peptide, greater than about 10 nM of the peptide, greater than about 20 nM of the peptide, greater than about 30 nM of the peptide, greater than about 40 nM of the peptide, greater than about 50 nM of the peptide, greater than about 60 nM of the peptide, greater than about 70 nM of the peptide, greater than 80 about nM of the peptide, greater than about 90 nM of the peptide, greater than about 100 nM of the peptide, greater than about 150 nM of the peptide, greater than about 200 nM of the peptide, or greater than about 250 nM of the peptide. In certain embodiments, the compositions include less than about 1 nM of the peptide. For example, certain peptides can be present at a concentration of less than about 2 ng/ml, less than about 1.75 ng/ml, less than about 1.5 ng/ml, less than about 1.25 ng/ml, less than about 1.0 ng/ml, less than about 0.75 ng/ml, less than about 0.5 ng/ml, less than about 0.25 ng/ml, or even less than about 0.1 ng/ml.

Suitable carriers include water, aqueous solutions optionally containing one or more co-solvents, slurries, and solid carrier particles. Exemplary solid carriers include mineral earths such as silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, and products of vegetable origin, such as cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders, starches and starch derivatives, as well as other mono-, di-, and poly-saccharides.

Suitable fertilizers include, without limitation, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas, and combinations thereof.

Suitable insecticides include, without limitation, members of the neonicotinoid class such as imidicloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam; members of the organophosphate class such as chlorpyrifos and malathion; members of the pyrethroid class such as permethrin; other natural insecticides such as nicotine, nornicotine, and pyrethrins; members of the carbamate class such as aldicarb, carbofuran, and carbaryl; members of the macrocyclic lactone class such as various abamectin, avermectin, and ivermectin products; members of the diamide class such as chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, and flubendiamide; chitin synthesis inhibitors, particularly those of the benzoylurea class such as lufenuron and diflubenzuron; and any combination thereof, including combinations of two or more, three or more, or four or more insecticides. Additional insecticides are listed in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, which is database operated by Alan Wood and available in electronic form at the alanwood.net internet site.

Suitable fungicides include, without limitation, members of the strobilurin class such as azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, picoxystrobin, and fluoxastrobin; members of the triazole class such as ipconazole, metconazole, tebuconazole, triticonazole, tetraconazole, difenoconazole, flutriafol, propiconazole and prothioconazole; members of the succinate dehydrogenase class such as carboxin, fluxapyroxad, boscalid and sedaxane: members of the phenylamide class such as metalaxyl, mefenoxam, benalaxyl, and oxadiyxl; members of the phenylpyrrole class such as fludioxonil; members of the phthalimide class such as captan; members of the dithiocarbamate class such as mancozeb and thiram; members of the benzimidazole class such as thiabendazole; and any combination thereof, including combinations of two or more, three or more, or four or more fungicides. Additional fungicides are listed in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, which is a database operated by Alan Wood and available in electronic form at the alanwood.net internet site.

Suitable nematicides include, without limitation, chemicals of the carbamate class such as aldicarb, aldoxycarb, oxamyl, carbofuran, and cleothocarb; and chemicals of the organophosphate class such as thionazin, ethoprophos, fenamiphos, fensulfothion, terbufos, isazofos, and ebufos. Additional nematicides are listed in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, which is a database operated by Alan Wood and available in electronic form at the alanwood.net internet site.

Suitable bactericides include, without limitation, those based on dichlorophene and benzylalcohol hemi formal (Proxel® from ICI or Acticide® RS from Thor Chemie and Kathon® MK from Rohm & Haas) and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones (Acticide® MBS from Thor Chemie; Proxel® GXL from ICI). Additional bactericides are listed in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, which is a database operated by Alan Wood and available in electronic form at the alanwood.net internet site.

Suitable inoculants include, without limitation, Bradyrhizobium spp., particularly Bradyrhizobium japonicum (BASF Vault® products), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus pumilis, Streptomyces lydicus, Trichoderma spp., Pasteuria spp., other cultures of rhizobial cells (BASF Nodulator® and Rhizo-Flo®), and any combination thereof, including combinations of two or more, three or more, or four or more inoculants.

Plant regulators are chemical substances, either natural or synthetic, that either stimulate or inhibit plant biochemical signaling. These are usually, but not exclusively, recognized by receptors on the surface of the cell, causing a cascade of reactions in the cell. Suitable plant regulators include, without limitation, ethephon; ethylene; salicylic acid; acetylsalicylic acid; jasmonic acid; methyl jasmonate; methyl dihydrojasmonate; chitin; chitosan; abscisic acid; any auxin compound or inhibitor, including but not limited to (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid; any cytokinin, including but not limited to kinetin and zeatin; gibberellins; brassinolide; and any combination thereof, including combinations of two or more, three or more, or four or more regulators.

Other suitable additives include buffering agents, wetting agents, coating agents, and abrading agents. These materials can be used to facilitate application of the compositions in accordance with the present invention. In addition, the compositions can be applied to plant seeds with other conventional seed formulation and treatment materials, including clays and polysaccharides.

Compositions or systems use for plant seed treatment include: one or more of the peptides of the present invention, preferably though not exclusively one of P1, P4-14S, P6a, P14d, P15a, P18, P19, or P25, in combination with one or more insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, other inoculants, or other plant regulators, including combinations of multiple insecticides, or multiple nematicides, multiple fungicides, multiple other inoculants, or multiple plant regulators. Suitable insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, inoculants, and plant regulators for these combination treatments include those identified above. These compositions are presented in the form of a single composition at the time of seed treatment. In contrast, a system used for seed treatment may involve multiple treatments, e.g., a composition containing the peptides is used in one treatment and a composition containing the one or more insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, plant regulators and/or bactericides, is used in a separate treatment. In the latter embodiment, both of these treatments are carried out at about the same time, i.e., before planting or at about the time of planting.

One such example includes one or more of peptides of the present invention, including (without limitation) one of P1, P4-14S, P6a, P14d, P15a, P18, P19, or P25, in combination with Poncho™ (clothianidin) available from Bayer Crop Science, Poncho™ VOTiVO (clothianidin and Bacillus firmus biological nematicide) available from Bayer Crop Science, and Gaucho™ (imidicloprid) available from Bayer Crop Science.

Another example includes one or more of peptides of the present invention, including (without limitation) one of P1, P4-14S, P6a, P14d, P15a, P18, P19, or P25, in combination with Cruiser™ (thiamethoxam) available from Syngenta, CruiserMaxx™ (thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, and fludioxynil) available from Syngenta, Cruiser Extreme™ (thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, fludioxynil, and azoxystrobin) available from Syngenta, Avicta™ (thiamethoxam and abamectin) available from Syngenta, and Avicta™ Complete (thiamethoxam, abamectin, and Clariva Complete™ which contains the Pasteuria nishizawae—Pn1 biological inoculant) available from Syngenta, and Avicta Complete™ Corn (thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, fludioxynil, azoxystrobin, thiabendazole and abamectin) available from Syngenta.

Another example includes one or more of peptides of the present invention, including (without limitation) one of P1, P4-14S, P6a, P14d, P15a, P18, P19, or P25, in combination with Vault Liquid plus Integral (Bradyrhizobium species and Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600 inoculants) available from BASF, Vault NP (Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant) available from BASF, and Subtilex NG (Bacillus subtilis biological inoculant) available from BASF.

The present invention further relates to methods of imparting disease resistance to plants, enhancing plant growth, effecting pest control, imparting biotic or abiotic stress tolerance to plants, and/or modulating plant biochemical signaling. These methods involve applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide of the invention, or a composition of the invention to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow. As a consequence of such application, the peptide contacts cells of the plant or plant seed, and induces in the plant or a plant grown from the plant seed disease resistance, growth enhancement, tolerance to biotic stress, tolerance to abiotic stress, or altered biochemical signaling. Alternatively, the peptide or composition of the invention can be applied to plants such that seeds recovered from such plants themselves are able to impart disease resistance in plants, to enhance plant growth, to affect insect control, to impart tolerance to biotic or abiotic stress, and/or to modulate biochemical signaling, to modulate maturation.

In these embodiments, it is also possible to select plants or plant seeds or the locus to which the isolated peptide or composition of the invention is applied. For example, for fields known to contain a high nematode content, the plants or plant seeds to be grown in such fields, or the fields (locus), can be selectively treated by applying the isolated peptide or composition of the invention as described herein; whereas no such treatment may be necessary for plants or plant seeds grown in fields containing low nematode content. Similarly, for fields having reduced irrigation, the plants or plant seeds to be grown in such fields, or the fields (locus), can be selectively treated by applying the isolated peptide or composition of the invention as described herein; whereas no such treatment may be necessary for plants or plant seeds grown in fields having adequate irrigation. Likewise, for fields prone to flooding, the plants or plant seeds to be grown in such fields, or the fields (locus), can be selectively treated by applying the isolated peptide or composition of the invention as described herein; whereas no such treatment may be necessary for plants or plant seeds grown in fields that are not prone to flooding. As yet another example of such selection, for fields prone to insect attack at certain times of the growing season, the plants or plant seeds to be grown in such fields, or the fields (locus), can be selectively treated by applying the isolated peptide or composition of the invention as described herein; whereas the same field may not be treated at ineffective times of the growing season or other fields that are not prone to such attack may go untreated. Such selection steps can be carried out when practicing each of the methods of use described herein, i.e., imparting disease resistance to plants, enhancing plant growth, effecting pest control (including insects and nematodes), imparting biotic or abiotic stress tolerance to plants, and/or modulating plant biochemical signaling.

As an alternative to applying an isolated peptide or a composition containing the same to plants or plant seeds in order to impart disease resistance in plants, to effect plant growth, to control insects, to impart stress resistance and/or modulated biochemical signaling to the plants or plants grown from the seeds, transgenic plants or plant seeds can be utilized. When utilizing transgenic plants, this involves providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to impart disease resistance to plants, to enhance plant growth, to control insects, to impart tolerance to biotic or abiotic stress, and/or to modulate biochemical signaling. Alternatively, a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention can be provided and planted in soil. A plant is then propagated from the planted seed under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to express the peptide and thereby impart disease resistance to the transgenic plant, to enhance plant growth, to control insects, to impart tolerance to biotic or abiotic stress, and/or to modulate biochemical signaling.

The present invention further relates to methods of improving desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants. These methods involve applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide of the present invention or a composition according to the present invention to a plant or the locus where the plant is growing. As a consequence of such application, the peptide contacts cells of the plant or plant seed, and induces desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants. Alternatively, an effective amount of an isolated peptide of the present invention or a composition according to the present invention can be applied to a harvested fruit or vegetable. As a consequence of such application, the peptide contacts cells of the harvested fruit or vegetable, and induces post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to the treated fruit or vegetables, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for the treated fruit or vegetables.

As an alternative to applying an isolated peptide or a composition containing the same to plants or plant seeds in order to induce desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, transgenic plants or plant seeds can be utilized. When utilizing transgenic plants, this involves providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to induce desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants. Alternatively, a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention can be provided and planted in soil. A plant is then propagated from the planted seed under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to express the peptide and thereby induce desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants.

In these embodiments, it is also possible to select transgenic plants or plant seeds for carrying out the present invention. For example, for fields known to contain a high nematode content, the transgenic plants or plant seeds can be selectively grown in such fields; whereas non-transgenic plants or plant seeds can be grown in fields containing low nematode content. Similarly, for fields having reduced irrigation, the transgenic plants or plant seeds can be selectively grown in such fields; whereas non-transgenic plants or plant seeds can be grown in fields having adequate irrigation. Likewise, for fields prone to flooding, the transgenic plants or plant seeds can be grown in such fields; whereas non-transgenic plants or plant seeds can be grown in fields that are not prone to flooding. As yet another example of such selection, for fields prone to insect attack at certain times of the growing season, the transgenic plants or plant seeds can be selectively grown in such fields; whereas non-transgenic plants or plant seeds can be grown in fields that are not prone to such insect attack. Such selection steps can be carried out when practicing each of the methods of use described herein, i.e., imparting disease resistance to plants, enhancing plant growth, effecting pest control (including insects and nematodes), imparting biotic or abiotic stress tolerance to plants, and/or modulating plant biochemical signaling.

The present invention further relates to methods of improving desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants. These methods involve applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide of the present invention or a composition according to the present invention to a plant or the locus where the plant is growing. As a consequence of such application, the peptide contacts cells of the plant or plant seed, and induces desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants. Alternatively, an effective amount of an isolated peptide of the present invention or a composition according to the present invention can be applied to a harvested fruit or vegetable. As a consequence of such application, the peptide contacts cells of the harvested fruit or vegetable, and induces post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to the treated fruit or vegetables, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for the treated fruit or vegetables.

In these embodiments, it is also possible to select plants, cuttings, fruits, vegetables, or the locus to which the isolated peptide or composition of the invention is applied. For example, for harvested cuttings or fruit or vegetables that are being shipped great distances or stored for long periods of time, then these can be selectively treated by applying the isolated peptide or composition of the invention as described herein; whereas harvested cuttings or fruit or vegetables that are being shipped locally and intended to be consumed without substantially periods of storage can be excluded from such treatment.

As an alternative to applying an isolated peptide or a composition containing the same to plants or plant seeds in order to induce desiccation resistance to cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from plants, transgenic plants or plant seeds can be utilized. When utilizing transgenic plants, this involves providing a transgenic plant transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention and growing the plant under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to induce desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants. Alternatively, a transgenic plant seed transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention can be provided and planted in soil. A plant is then propagated from the planted seed under conditions effective to permit that DNA molecule to express the peptide and thereby induce desiccation resistance for cuttings removed from ornamental plants, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for fruit or vegetables harvested from the transgenic plants.

In these embodiments, it is also possible to select transgenic plants or plant seeds for carrying out the present invention. For example, transgenic plants or plant seeds can be selected for growing when it is known that harvested cuttings or fruit or vegetables are intended to be shipped great distances or stored for long periods of time post-harvest; whereas non-transgenic plants or plant seeds can be selected for growing when it is known that harvested cuttings or fruit or vegetables are intended to be shipped locally and/or consumed without substantially periods of storage.

Suitable plants include dicots and monocots, including agricultural, silvicultural, ornamental and horticultural plants, whether in a natural or genetically modified form. Exemplary plants include, without limitation, alfalfa, apple, apricot, asparagus, avocados, bananas, barley, beans, beech (Fagus spec.), begonia, birch, blackberry, blueberry, cabbage, camphor, canola, carrot, castor oil plant, cherry, cinnamon, citrus, cocoa bean, coffee, corn, cotton, cucumber, cucurbit, eucalyptus, fir, flax, fodder beet, fuchsia, garlic, geranium, grapes, ground nut, hemp, hop, juneberry, juncea (Brassica juncea), jute, lentil, lettuce, linseed, melon, mustard, nectarine, oak, oats, oil palm, oil-seed rape, olive, onion, paprika, pea, peach, pear, pelargonium, peppers, petunia, pine (Pinus spec.), plum, poplar (Populus spec.), pome fruit, potato, rape, raspberry, rice, rubber tree, rye, sorghum, soybean, spinach, spruce, squash, strawberry, sugar beet, sugar cane, sunflower, tea, teak, tobacco, tomato, triticale, turf, watermelon, wheat and willow (Salix spec.), Arabidopsis thaliana, Saintpaulia, poinsettia, chrysanthemum, carnation, and zinnia.

With respect to modified biochemical signaling, this includes both enhancement of certain plant biochemical pathways and diminishment of certain other plant biochemical pathways. Biochemical signaling pathways that can be altered in accordance with the present invention include gene expression and protein production, production of metabolites, and production of signaling molecules/secondary metabolites. Exemplary biochemical signaling pathways and their modifications include, without limitation, induction of nitric oxide production, peroxide production, and other secondary metabolites; agonist of the ethylene signaling pathway and induction of ethylene-responsive gene expression (see Dong et al., Plant Phys. 136:3628-3638 (2004); Li et al., Planta 239:831-46 (2014); Chang et al., PLoS One 10, e0125498 (2015), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety); agonist of the salicylic acid signaling pathway and induction of salicylic acid-responsive gene expression (see Dong et al., Plant J. 20:207-215 (1999), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety); agonist of the abscisic acid pathway and induction of abscisic acid-responsive gene expression (see Dong et al., Planta 221: 313-327 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety); agonist of the gibberellin signaling pathway and induction of gibberellin-responsive gene expression (see Li et al., Planta 239:831-46 (2014), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety); antagonist of jasmonic acid signaling and inhibiting expression of jasmonic acid-responsive genes (see Dong et al., Plant Phys. 136:3628-3638 (2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety); inducing protease inhibitor expression (see Laluk and Mengiste, Plant J. 68:480-494 (2011); Xia et al., Chin. Sci. Bull 56: 2351-2358 (2011), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety); inducing reactive oxygen species production in plant tissues; inducing immune-related and antimicrobial peptide production, such as, without limitation, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase (Wang et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:12527-12533 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety); and inducing expansin gene expression and production (see Li et al., Planta 239:831-46 (2014), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

With respect to disease resistance, absolute immunity against infection may not be conferred, but the severity of the disease is reduced and symptom development is delayed. Lesion number, lesion size, and extent of sporulation of fungal pathogens are all decreased. This method of imparting disease resistance has the potential for treating previously untreatable diseases, treating diseases systemically which might not be treated separately due to cost, and avoiding the use of infectious agents or environmentally harmful materials.

The method of imparting pathogen resistance to plants in accordance with the present invention is useful in imparting resistance to a wide variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Resistance, inter alia, to the following viruses can be achieved by the method of the present invention: Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus. Resistance, inter alia, to the following bacteria can also be imparted to plants in accordance with present invention: pathogenic Pseudomonas spp., pathogenic Erwinia spp., pathogenic Xanthomonas spp., and pathogenic Ralstonia spp. Plants can be made resistant, inter alia, to the following fungi by use of the method of the present invention: Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.

With regard to the use of the peptides or compositions of the present invention to enhance plant growth, various forms of plant growth enhancement or promotion can be achieved. This can occur as early as when plant growth begins from seeds or later in the life of a plant. For example, plant growth according to the present invention encompasses greater yield, increased plant vigor, increased vigor of seedlings (i.e., post-germination), increased plant weight, increased biomass, increased number of flowers per plant, higher grain and/or fruit yield, increased quantity of seeds produced, increased percentage of seeds germinated, increased speed of germination, increased plant size, decreased plant height (for wheat), greater biomass, more and bigger fruit, earlier fruit coloration, earlier bud, fruit and plant maturation, more tillers or side shoots, larger leaves, delayed leaf senescence, increased shoot growth, increased root growth, altered root/shoot allocation, increased protein content, increased oil content, increased carbohydrate content, increased pigment content, increased chlorophyll content, increased total photosynthesis, increased photosynthesis efficiency, reduced respiration (lower O₂ usage), compensation for yield-reducing treatments, increased durability of stems (and resistance to stem lodging), increased durability of roots (and resistance to root lodging), better plant growth in low light conditions, and combinations thereof. As a result, the present invention provides significant economic benefit to growers. For example, early germination and early maturation permit crops to be grown in areas where short growing seasons would otherwise preclude their growth in that locale. Increased percentage of seed germination results in improved crop stands and more efficient seed use. Greater yield, increased size, and enhanced biomass production allow greater revenue generation from a given plot of land.

With regard to the use of the peptides or compositions of the present invention to control pests (including but not limited to insects and nematodes, which are biotic stressors), such pest control encompasses preventing pests from contacting plants to which the peptide or composition of the invention has been applied, preventing direct damage to plants by feeding injury, causing pests to depart from such plants, killing pests proximate to such plants, interfering with insect larval feeding on such plants, preventing pests from colonizing host plants, preventing colonizing insects from releasing phytotoxins, interfering with egg deposition on host plants, etc. The present invention also prevents subsequent disease damage to plants resulting from pest infection.

The present invention is effective against a wide variety of insects (biotic stressors). European corn borer is a major pest of corn (dent and sweet corn) but also feeds on over 200 plant species including green, wax, and lima beans and edible soybeans, peppers, potato, and tomato plus many weed species. Additional insect larval feeding pests which damage a wide variety of vegetable crops include the following: beet armyworm, cabbage looper, corn ear worm, fall armyworm, diamondback moth, cabbage root maggot, onion maggot, seed corn maggot, pickleworm (melonworm), pepper maggot, and tomato pinworm. Collectively, this group of insect pests represents the most economically important group of pests for vegetable production worldwide. The present invention is also effective against nematodes, another class of economically important biotic stressors. Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) is a major pest of soybeans. Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) is a major pest of cotton as can parasitize additional crop species, notably soy and corn. Additional nematode pests include the root knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne (particularly in cotton, wheat, and barley), cereal cyst nematodes of the genus Heterodera (particularly in soy, wheat, and barley), root lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus, seed gall nematodes of the genus Anguina (particularly in wheat, barley, and rye), and stem nematodes of the genus Ditylenchus. Other biotic stressors include arachnids, weeds, and combinations thereof.

With regard to the use of the peptides or compositions of the present invention to impart abiotic stress resistance to plants, such abiotic stress encompasses any environmental factor having an adverse effect on plant physiology and development. Examples of such environmental stress include climate-related stress (e.g., drought, flood, frost, cold temperature, high temperature, excessive light, and insufficient light), air pollution stress (e.g., carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, NO_(x), hydrocarbons, ozone, ultraviolet radiation, acidic rain), chemical (e.g., insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, heavy metals), nutritional stress (e.g., over- or under-abundance of fertilizer, micronutrients, macronutrients, particularly potassium, nitrogen derivatives, and phosphorus derivatives), and improved healing response to wounding. Use of peptides of the present invention imparts resistance to plants against such forms of environmental stress.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the peptides of the present invention as a safener in combination with one or more of the active agents (i.e., in a composition or in separate compositions) for the control of aquatic weeds in a body of water as described in U.S. Publ. No. 20150218099 to Mann, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the peptides of the present invention as a plant strengthener in a composition for application to plants grown under conditions of reduced water irrigation, which composition also includes at least one antioxidant and at least one radiation manager, and optionally at least one plant growth regulator, as described in U.S. Publ. No. 20130116119 to Rees et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The methods of the present invention involving application of the peptide or composition can be carried out through a variety of procedures when all or part of the plant is treated, including leaves, stems, roots, propagules (e.g., cuttings), fruit, etc. This may (but need not) involve infiltration of the peptide into the plant. Suitable application methods include high or low pressure spraying, injection, and leaf abrasion proximate to when peptide application takes place. When treating plant seeds, in accordance with the application embodiment of the present invention, the hypersensitive response elicitor protein or polypeptide can be applied by low or high pressure spraying, coating, immersion (e.g., soaking), or injection. Other suitable application procedures can be envisioned by those skilled in the art provided they are able to effect contact of the hypersensitive response elicitor polypeptide or protein with cells of the plant or plant seed. Once treated with the peptides or compositions of the present invention, the seeds can be planted in natural or artificial soil and cultivated using conventional procedures to produce plants. After plants have been propagated from seeds treated in accordance with the present invention, the plants may be treated with one or more applications of the peptides or compositions of the invention to impart disease resistance to plants, to enhance plant growth, to control insects on the plants, to impart biotic or abiotic stress tolerance, to improve desiccation resistance of removed cuttings, to impart post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance to harvested fruit or vegetables, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for harvested fruit or vegetables.

The peptides or compositions of the invention can be applied to plants or plant seeds in accordance with the present invention alone or in a mixture with other materials. Alternatively, the peptides or compositions can be applied separately to plants with other materials being applied at different times.

In the alternative embodiment of the present invention involving the use of transgenic plants and transgenic seeds, a peptide of the invention need not be applied topically to the plants or seeds. Instead, transgenic plants transformed with a DNA molecule encoding a peptide of the invention are produced according to procedures well known in the art.

A vector suitable for expression in plants (i.e., containing translation and transcription control sequences operable in plants) can be microinjected directly into plant cells by use of micropipettes to transfer mechanically the recombinant DNA. Crossway, Mol. Gen. Genetics, 202:179-85 (1985), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The genetic material may also be transferred into the plant cell using polyethylene glycol. Krens, et al., Nature, 296:72-74 (1982), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Another approach to transforming plant cells with a gene encoding the peptide of the invention is particle bombardment (also known as biolistic transformation) of the host cell. This can be accomplished in one of several ways. The first involves propelling inert or biologically active particles at cells. This technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050, 5,036,006, and 5,100,792, all to Sanford et al., which are hereby incorporated by reference. Generally, this procedure involves propelling inert or biologically active particles at the cells under conditions effective to penetrate the outer surface of the cell and to be incorporated within the interior thereof. When inert particles are utilized, the vector can be introduced into the cell by coating the particles with the vector containing the heterologous DNA. Alternatively, the target cell can be surrounded by the vector so that the vector is carried into the cell by the wake of the particle. Biologically active particles (e.g., dried bacterial cells containing the vector and heterologous DNA) can also be propelled into plant cells.

Yet another method of introduction is fusion of protoplasts with other entities, either minicells, cells, lysosomes or other fusible lipid-surfaced bodies. Fraley, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79:1859-63 (1982), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The DNA molecule may also be introduced into the plant cells by electroporation. Fromm et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:5824 (1985), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In this technique, plant protoplasts are electroporated in the presence of plasmids containing the expression cassette. Electrical impulses of high field strength reversibly permeabilize biomembranes allowing the introduction of the plasmids. Electroporated plant protoplasts reform the cell wall, divide, and regenerate.

Another method of introducing the DNA molecule into plant cells is to infect a plant cell with Agrobacterium tumefaciens or A. rhizogenes previously transformed with the gene. Under appropriate conditions known in the art, the transformed plant cells are grown to form shoots or roots, and develop further into plants. Generally, this procedure involves inoculating the plant tissue with a suspension of bacteria and incubating the tissue for 48 to 72 hours on regeneration medium without antibiotics at 25-28° C. Agrobacterium is a representative genus of the gram-negative family Rhizobiaceae. Its species are responsible for crown gall (A. tumefaciens) and hairy root disease (A. rhizogenes). The plant cells in crown gall tumors and hairy roots are induced to produce amino acid derivatives known as opines, which are catabolized only by the bacteria. The bacterial genes responsible for expression of opines are a convenient source of control elements for chimeric expression cassettes. In addition, assaying for the presence of opines can be used to identify transformed tissue. Heterologous genetic sequences can be introduced into appropriate plant cells, by means of the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens or the Ri plasmid of A. rhizogenes. The Ti or Ri plasmid is transmitted to plant cells on infection by Agrobacterium and is stably integrated into the plant genome. J. Schell, Science, 237:1176-83 (1987), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

After transformation, the transformed plant cells must be regenerated. Plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts is described in Evans et al., Handbook of Plant Cell Cultures, Vol. 1: (MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, 1983); and Nasil I. R. (ed.), Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Acad. Press, Orlando, Vol. 1, 1984, and Vol. III (1986), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

It is known that practically all plants can be regenerated from cultured cells or tissues. Means for regeneration vary from species to species of plants, but generally a suspension of transformed protoplasts or a petri plate containing transformed explants is first provided. Callus tissue is formed and shoots may be induced from callus and subsequently rooted. Alternatively, embryo formation can be induced in the callus tissue. These embryos germinate as natural embryos to form plants. The culture media will generally contain various amino acids and hormones, such as auxin and cytokinins. It is also advantageous to add glutamic acid and proline to the medium, especially for such species as corn and alfalfa. Efficient regeneration will depend on the medium, on the genotype, and on the history of the culture. If these three variables are controlled, then regeneration is usually reproducible and repeatable.

After the expression cassette is stably incorporated in transgenic plants, it can be transferred to other plants by sexual crossing. Any of a number of standard breeding techniques can be used, depending upon the species to be crossed.

Once transgenic plants of this type are produced, the plants themselves can be cultivated in accordance with conventional procedure with the presence of the gene encoding the hypersensitive response elicitor resulting in disease resistance, enhanced plant growth, control of insects on the plant, abiotic or biotic stress tolerance, improved desiccation resistance of removed cuttings, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance in harvested fruit or vegetables, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for harvested fruit or vegetables.

Alternatively, transgenic seeds are recovered from the transgenic plants. These seeds can then be planted in the soil and cultivated using conventional procedures to produce transgenic plants. The transgenic plants are propagated from the planted transgenic seeds under conditions effective to impart disease resistance to plants, to enhance plant growth, to control insects, to impart abiotic or biotic stress tolerance, to improve desiccation resistance of removed cuttings, to impart post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance in harvested fruit or vegetables, and/or to impart improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for harvested fruit or vegetables.

When transgenic plants and plant seeds are used in accordance with the present invention, they additionally can be treated with the same materials as are used to treat the plants and seeds to which a peptide of the invention or composition of the invention is applied. These other materials, including peptides or composition of the invention, can be applied to the transgenic plants and plant seeds by the above-noted procedures, including high or low pressure spraying, injection, coating, and immersion. Similarly, after plants have been propagated from the transgenic plant seeds, the plants may be treated with one or more applications of the peptides or compositions of the invention to impart disease resistance, enhance growth, control insects, abiotic or biotic stress tolerance, desiccation resistance of removed cuttings, post-harvest disease resistance or desiccation resistance in harvested fruit or vegetables, and/or improved longevity of fruit or vegetable ripeness for harvested fruit or vegetables.

Such transgenic plants may also be treated with conventional plant treatment agents, e.g., bacteriocidal or biocidal agents, protease inhibitors, non-ionic surfactants, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, biological inoculants, plant regulators, and mixtures thereof, as described above.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided to illustrate embodiments of the present invention but are by no means intended to limit its scope.

Example 1—Development of “HR Box” Peptides of SEQ ID NO: 93

The HR box was originally developed based on examination of a number of Hypersensitive Response-Inducing sequences (P1, SEQ ID NO: 4; P4, SEQ ID NO: 5; and P15, SEQ ID NO: 64, among others). A repeating sequence of leucine and isoleucine residues was identified. P4 was chosen as a representative sequence as the basis for mutational studies that would reveal the sequence determinants of HR elicitation. HR in tobacco was tested as described in Wei, Science 257:85-88 (1992), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Briefly, peptides were dissolved at a concentration of 500 mg/ml in aqueous solution. Four serial dilutions were performed with an equal volume of water, yielding peptide samples at 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 μg/ml peptide solutions. Nicotiana tabacum cultivar xanthi plants were used at 5-7 weeks old (preflowering). Leaves were lightly punctured with a toothpick in a middle leaf panel. Peptide solutions were then infused via needle-less syringe into the wound, filling the panel. Each peptide sample was infused into a leaf of 2 different plants. The leaves were observed and scored over the next 48 hours for withering and browning, lesions typical of programmed cell death. These mutational studies had three main goals: (1) increase the solution stability of the peptides; (2) make disruptive mutations to verify the residues which are most important for HR elicitation; and (3) make conservative mutations to identify the degree of specificity for particular amino acids.

Peptides were assessed for one or more of solubility, stability against chemical degradation, effect of bulking agents on solution stability, oxidation protection, and solution stability studies.

Solubility was assessed by creating 0.2% AI (active ingredient) solutions of pure, chemically synthesized peptide in deionized water, and observing the solution for evidence of precipitation over 48 hours at room temperature. P1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) was largely insoluble in water. However, the mutant with several glutamine residues replacing glutamate residues (P1-2E,8E,11E,15E,18E, SEQ ID NO: 46) was soluble. P4 (SEQ ID NO: 5) and P4-14S (SEQ ID NO: 6) were also completely soluble.

Subsequent experiments were run to better quantify peptide solubility. 20-50 mg of pure peptide were mixed with 0.25 ml of water and increasing amounts of water were added until the peptide dissolved. These experiments estimate the solubility of P1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) at <1 mg/ml, the solubility of P4 (SEQ ID NO: 5) at 100 mg/ml, and the solubility of P1-18K (SEQ ID NO: 45) at 20 mg/ml.

Stability against chemical degradation was assessed in various pH buffers by creating 0.2% AI solutions of pure, chemically synthesized peptide in deionized water, 0.25% weight to volume of Proxel® GXL (biocide), and 50 millimolar (mM) of eight buffers (separately) as follows: MES pH 5.6, MOPS pH 6.5, Citrate pH 7.2, EDDS pH 7.3, EDTA pH 8, Phosphate pH 8, Imidazole pH 8, and TES pH 8. The solutions were observed on HPLC for evidence of degradation (% loss of the peptide signal over time, relative to the time 0 sample) over a period of weeks at elevated temperature (50° C.). P1-2E, -8E, -11E, -15E, -18E (SEQ ID NO: 46) was more stable than P1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) (40 days vs 20 days over 80%), and P4-14S (SEQ ID NO: 6) was significantly more stable than P4 (SEQ ID NO: 5) (35 days vs 3 days over 80%). The best buffers for P1 and P4-14S are TES pH 8 and Citrate pH 7.2, in that order. Precipitation of P1 was observed after several days. Other peptides (P1-2E, -8E, -11E, -15E, -18E; P4, and P4-14s) remained in solution.

Effect of bulking agents on the chemical degradation of P1 and P1-2E, -8E, -11E, -15E, -18E was assessed by creating 0.2% AI solutions of pure, chemically synthesized peptide in a solution of 50 mM TES pH 8.0 in water and 20% weight to volume (of solution) of the bulking agents trehalose, maltrin, sucrose or talc (separate formulas). These solutions were observed on HPLC for evidence of degradation (% loss of the peptide signal over time, relative to the time 0 sample) over time at elevated temperature (50° C.). The concentration of P1 in all mixtures dropped to less than 60% of the original peptide concentration after 6 days of incubation. In contrast, the concentration of p1-2E, -8E, -11E, -15E, -18E in all samples remained above 80% of the original concentration for at least 14 days. The best bulking agent for P1-2E, -8E, -11E, -15E, -18E is talc powder (44 days above 80%).

Solution stability studies were carried out by creating 0.2% AI solutions of pure, chemically synthesized peptide in deionized water, 50 mM of TES buffer, 0.25% Proxel GXL, and 30% isopropanol. Peptides solutions were analyzed by HPLC for % loss of the peptide signal over time, relative to the time 0 sample. Maximum lifetime of P1-2E, -8E, -11E, -15E, -18E is 45 days over 80%. Maximum lifetime of P4-14S is 140 days over 80%.

Solution stability mutations: Solution stability was increased by choosing a peptide sequence (P4, SEQ ID NO: 5) which did not contain methionine residues. However, this peptide contained a cysteine residue, leading to very poor stability. Mutation of this cysteine to the conservative replacement serine (sulfur to oxygen change in chemical structure) generated P4-14s (SEQ ID NO: 6), which retained its ability to elicit the HR. It was subsequently shown (as noted above) that P4-14s is a highly stable peptide. Additional studies replaced one or more glutamine residues with glutamate residues to reduce the chance of deamidation in solution. In particular, a variant of P1, termed P1-2E, 8E, 11E, 15E, 18E (SEQ ID NO: 46), contained these mutations at positions 2, 8, 11, 15, and 18. This peptide exhibited both improved solubility and stability when compared with P1.

Based on the P4-14s stable backbone (SEQ ID NO: 6), disruptive single mutations were introduced at specific residues within the sequence. In the case of Leucine residues, these were mutated to alanine (smaller and less hydrophobic sidechain, a moderately disruptive mutation) and/or aspartic acid (negatively charged sidechain, a highly disruptive mutation). The intervening sequences, depending on the identity of the amino acid in question, were mutated to have a negative charge (aspartic acid or glutamic acid), have a hydrophobic sidechain (valine), a minimal sidechain (alanine), or a small polar sidechain (serine). These mutant peptides were tested for elicitation of the hypersensitive response. Additional mutations were chosen based on the initial HR results. In addition, the spacing between the leucine/isoleucine residues was evaluated by either deleting a single residue between the leucine repeats (denoted with ‘del’) or by inserting an alanine residue between the leucine repeats (denoted with iA).

For those amino acids that were important for HR elicitation, more conservative mutations were chosen to determine the specificity of interactions. The leucine residues were mutated to isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine or tyrosine, with the latter 2 residues being less conservative. As above, these mutants were tested for HR elicitation.

The results of these mutation studies are summarized in Table 12 below:

TABLE 12 Summary of Mutations and HR Elicitation Results 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 P4-14S S Q G I S E K Q L D Q L L S Q L I Q A L L Q P HR Positive E E L V R V D E iA del V I I S E I M E D I F V Mutations dN2 A dN5 dN6 V V I V V M T A M V S S M I dC2 D S V M A I F L M V M dN4 F V K T D S K K V V Q del Weak HR F V A A V Mutations S S HR Negative A iA D A iA A D del S D Mutations D D S S iA V Y V F F S F Q

In Table 12, the sequence of P4-14s is shown along with all mutations tested at each position. Those mutations that did not interfere with the hypersensitive response are listed in the labeled “HR Positive Mutations”. Those mutations that caused a reduction in the severity of the hypersensitive response are shown in the row labeled “Weak HR Mutations”. Mutations that eliminated the hypersensitive response are shown in the red row labeled “HR Negative Mutations”. The notation dN2 and dN4 denote a deletion of 2 or 4 residues, respectively, from the beginning of the peptide; dC2 denotes a deletion of 2 residues from the end of the peptide; del denotes a deletion of the residue at that position; and iA represents the insertion of an alanine residue before that position.

Example 2—Solubility and Stability of P1 and Mutant Peptides

As described above, P1 and P1-derived sequences mutated at position 18 (methionine replaced with alanine, threonine, or lysine) were assessed for solution stability and chemical compatibility for 14 days. Notably, P1 exhibited solubility problems at lower pH (in deionized water solution, in 50 mM citrate pH 5.6, and in 50 mM MES pH 6.0). In these cases, the peptide concentration increased after 24-hour incubation at 50° C. Notably, the mutant peptides generally did not exhibit this issue. As shown in FIGS. 1-3 , data were normalized to 100% peptide at the day 1 time point (shown as peptide 1* in the legend and the original peptide 1 data is marked with a double asterisk**). In a stability test dissolved in water (FIG. 1 ), peptide 1 was modestly stable, but exhibited solubility issues. The 18K and 18A mutants exhibited slightly higher stability (10-25% after 14 days). Dissolved in a slightly acidic citrate buffer (FIG. 2 ), P1 exhibited both solubility and stability issues. It was not detected by HPLC after 14 days in solution. By contrast the 18T and 18K mutants retained 80% of the original concentration, and the 18A mutant retained ˜60% of the original concentration. As shown in FIG. 3 , in 50 mM MES pH 6.0, P1 exhibited stronger solubility problems, with a 50% increase in soluble concentration after 24 hour incubation at 50° C. However, it exhibited better stability than the mutants (10-30% after 14 days). In citrate pH 7.2 (FIG. 6 ), P1 did not exhibit solubility problems, but did exhibit poor stability (20% of original concentration after 7 days at 50° C. By contrast, the 18K and 18T mutants exhibited >60% stability after 14 days. In 50 mM EDDS, pH 7.3 (FIG. 7 ), Peptide 1 exhibited poor stability, with only 10% of the material remaining after 7 days. By comparison, the mutants retained at least 50% of starting material after 14 days. In 50 mM imidazole, pH 8.0 (FIG. 8 ), Peptide 1 exhibited particularly poor stability, reduced to less that 10% of the original concentration after only 3 days. By comparison, all mutants exhibited greater stability, with 18K and 18T mutants retaining 60-75% of the original material after 14 days. Peptide 1 exhibited better stability in a solution of 50 mM EDTA, pH 8.0 (FIG. 9 ), matching the performance of the 18A mutant. However, the 18K and 18T mutants exhibited better tability after 14 days incubated at 50° C. (15-20% improvement). When dissolved in phosphate, pH 8.0 (FIG. 10 ), Peptide 1 appears to outperform the stability of the mutants, although it does exhibit solubility problems (some cloudiness in solution). In a solution of 50 mM TES, pH 8.0 (FIG. 11 ), Peptide 1 is more than 90% degraded after 1 week of incubation at 80° C. By comparison, 18T, 18K, and 18A mutants exhibit better performance (71%, 58%, and 47% remaining after 14 days incubation at 50° C.).

In general, Peptide 1 either exhibits solubility problems or poor stability in a wide variety of buffered solutions. This is addressed by mutation of methionine to other residues. Bulkier residues (threonine and lysine) generally seem preferred over alanine for stability.

Example 3—Solubility and Stability of P4 and Mutant Peptides

As described above, P4 and P4-derived sequences mutated at position 14 (cysteine replaced with alanine/A, aspartic acid/D, lysine/K, glutamine/Q, and serine/S) were assessed for solution stability and chemical compatibility for 14 days. In general, peptide 4 exhibited very poor stability due to the presence of cysteine (FIGS. 12-21 ). After less than 1 day, the original P4 HPLC peak was not detected in the samples. By comparison, all mutants exhibited better stability. Most of these retained at least 50% of the original material for 14 days at 50° C. In general, peptide 4 mutants exhibit better stability at higher pH values (>7.0). Notably, p4-14s can regularly exhibit stability of 90% after 14 days, depending on conditions. All of the mutant peptides exhibited the hypersensitive response when infiltrated into tobacco leaves (as in example 1).

Example 4—Comparison of Peptide 1 and Peptide 4 Stability

Although peptide 1 and peptide 4 exhibit a high degree of sequence similarity, the stabilized mutants of peptide 4 are more stable than the p1 mutants. A series of mutations of p1 were made to confer stability similar to p4-14s. These are: p1-1S (SEQ ID NO: 109, Table 1), p1-14S (SEQ ID NO: 110, Table 1), p1-18Q (SEQ ID NO: 115, Table 1), p1-23P (SEQ ID NO: 118, Table 1). These peptides, along with p1 and p4-14s, were dissolved in 30% isopropanol, 5 mM DTPA, and 50 mM TES pH 8.0 and tested for stability at 50 C. Similar stability was observed for p4-14S and p1-1S, indicating that the N-terminal amino acid exhibits a strong effect on peptide stability.

Example 5—Solubility for P15b and Mutants

Initial results suggest that p15b has solubility problems. It has a relatively high hydrophobicity (0.19). At 0.2% w/v, it was partially soluble in water, insoluble in 50 mM of each of citrate pH ˜5.2, citrate pH 7.0, phosphate pH 7.0 (check), TES pH 8.0, EDTA pH 8.0, and EDDS pH 7.0. It was at least partially soluble in 50 mM MES pH 6.0, and MOPS pH 6.5. However, P15a dissolves more easily in aqueous solutions. Its solubility is >10 mg/ml in 50 mM TES pH 8.0. Additional p15 variants were synthesized that included poly-glutamate solubility tags (p15-59G and p15-59, SEQ ID NOS: 149 and 150, respectively). When p15-59 was dissolved in 50 mM TES, pH 8.0, it exhibited solubility >10 mg/ml (1% w/v).

Example 6—Stability of P17/P18 & Variants

As described above, P18 (SEQ ID NO: 83) was tested for stability and chemical compatibility with different pH buffers. P18 exhibits relatively poor stability in aqueous buffer solutions at 50° C. Most samples degraded to 20% of original concentration in 3 days. One exception is a 50 mM EDTA solution, which degrades to 35% after 7 days (FIG. 24 ). Mutation of the methionine at position 12 to leucine (in P18-4, SEQ ID NO: 164) causes moderate stabilization: 60% stability after 14 days. Notably, truncation of the last 3 amino acids from the C-terminus (P18-1, SEQ ID NO: 163) also leads to dramatically increased stability (>90% stability over the 14-day trial).

Example 7—Stability of P19 & Variants

In general, P19 (SEQ ID NO: 89) exhibits relatively high stability, >80% stability over 14 days at 50° C. under a variety of conditions. The exceptions were peptide dissolved in water alone (52%) or 50 mM TES pH 8.0 (62%). Mutation of its one methionine residue at position 12 to leucine (P19-20L, SEQ ID NO: 90) leads to a modest increase in stability when dissolved in 50 mM citrate pH 7.2 or 50 mM TES, pH 8.0 (FIGS. 25 and 26 ). When using buffers at lower pH (5.5-7.0), the performance of P19 and P19-20L was observed to be similar; more than 80% peptide was retained for 14 days.

Example 8—P14d, P14e, P14f Stability

P14d sequence (SEQ ID NO: 175) is derived from the popA sequence of Ralstonia solanacearum. It conforms to the HR-box motif and causes HR in tobacco leaves. Mutation of the methionine residues generated the stabilized peptides P14e (SEQ ID NO: 176) and P14f (SEQ ID NO: 177). The mutated peptides exhibit >85% stability for >50 days at 50° C. (in 50 mM TES, pH 8.0 and 30% isopropanol). During the same period of time, P14d exhibits around 50% chemical stability.

Example 9—Growth Tests

For growth tests, corn and soy seeds were planted in flats with 2 seeds per cell within the flat at a greenhouse facility. The seeds were allowed to germinate and the smaller plant is culled, leaving one plant per cell. Once the first true leaves are fully expanded and the second leaves are beginning to expand, the plants were initially measured for height. This was performed by stretching the highest leaf upward and measuring the distance to the soil. Peptides were dissolved in water at the indicated concentrations (below). The plants were then treated with a foliar spray using widely available spray bottles until liquid was dripping from the leaves. 4 flats of 14 plants each were treated per condition (peptide or control). Corn and soy were treated as indicated in Table 13 and compared with matched water-treated control plants. The plants were allowed to grow for 14 days. The height of the plants was again measured and compared to the original height to quantify growth. In some cases, the plants were allowed to grow without watering for 2-4 days until the onset of wilting and drought stress. At this time, the above-ground portions of the plants were harvested and weighed to determine the fresh mass. Finally, the above-ground material was dried at 70° C. for 48 hours and weighed to determine dry biomass. The results of these growth trials are shown in Table 13. Growth, dry biomass, and fresh mass are calculated as the % increase over the water-treated control.

TABLE 13 Growth Trial Results SEQ ID Growth Dry biomass Fresh mass Peptide NO: Rate Host (% difference) (% difference) (% difference) P15a 63 0.2 Corn 6.0 5.0 N.D. P15b 49 0.2 Corn 0.9 2.0 13.9 P18 83 0.2 Corn 15.0 9.0 N.D. P18 83 0.2 Soy 18.0 15.0 N.D. P19 89 0.2 Soy 18.0 12.6 N.D. P25 182 5.0 Corn 7.0 11.0 N.D. P25 182 0.2 Soy 10.0 2.0 N.D. P4-14s-18E 191 2.0 Soy 9.0 0.8 N.D. P30-3 190 0.2 Corn 8.7 8.0 13.4 P25-11 188 0.2 Corn 4.1 4.7  1.6 P25-11 188 5 Corn 1.0 6.2 10.9 N.D. = Not determined.

Several of the tested peptides exhibit growth and/or biomass increases in corn and soy. Notably, although P15b did not cause an overt growth or dry biomass phenotype, it did cause an increase in fresh biomass, which is suggestive of increased water uptake or retention. This is an indication of drought tolerance in those treated plants. Another peptide, P30-3, was observed to cause an increase in growth, fresh mass, and dry biomass.

Example 10—Minimal Sequences Required for HR Response

After determining the residues most critical for hypersensitive response elicitation, we designed additional mutants to verify the smallest peptide sequence responsible for this behavior. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the core HR sequence (containing 7 leucine or isoleucine residues in 13 residues total), it was recognized that solubility would be a problem for the minimal peptide. As a result, hydrophilic sequences were added to many peptides to bring the hydrophobicity on the Kyte-Doolittle scale to around −0.2 for the peptides.

Initially, a poly-lysine or poly-arginine sequence was used, i.e., P4 having an N-linked polyR or polyK sequence, or a C-linked polyR or polyK sequence (SEQ ID NOS: 35, 36, 38, 39). However, when infiltrated into tobacco leaves, these peptides caused necrotic lesions not typical of HR. This led to the hypothesis that poly-cationic sequences cause a toxic response when infiltrated into tobacco leaves. When poly-lysine and poly-arginine alone was infiltrated into the leaf, a similar necrotic lesion was observed. As a result, testing of peptides containing cationic solubility enhancing sequences was discontinued. Notably, HR+ peptides can contain at least one or two cationic amino acids, but larger numbers of positive charges appear to be detrimental. As a substitute for cationic peptides, polyanions were considered, specifically poly-glutamate. Poly-glutamate was chosen since aspartate has a greater chance of isomerizing to iso-aspartate, and serine was added at the N-terminus to eliminate the formation of pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus of the peptide. It is also reasonable to add glutamate residues at the C-terminal end of the peptide.

The hypersensitive response test was run as described in example #1. For P4, the smallest variant peptide that elicited HR was P4-polyE-min3 (SEQ ID NO: 33). For P1, the smallest variant peptide that elicited HR was P1-polyE-min3 (SEQ ID NO: 141). For P18, the smallest variant peptide that elicited HR was P18-7 (SEQ ID NO: 167). For P19, the smallest variant peptide that elicited HR was P19-8 (SEQ ID NO: 173). For P15, the smallest variant peptide that elicited HR was P15-59 (SEQ ID NO: 150). For P14d, the smallest variant peptide that elicited HR was P14-30 (SEQ ID NO: 178). For P25, the smallest variant peptide that elicited HR was P25-11 (SEQ ID NO: 188). In addition, minimal peptide sequences were generated incorporating the leucine repeat sequence characteristic of the HR-box and glutamic acid residues in the variable positions to increase solubility. These sequences are: P30-2 (SEELEELLEELIEELL, SEQ ID NO: 189), P30-3 (LEELLEELIEELLEE, SEQ ID NO: 190), and P30-4 (LEELLEELIEELL, SEQ ID NO: 210). These minimal HR-box sequences were soluble >5 mg/ml in 50 mM TES and produced an HR response when infiltrated into tobacco leaves.

Likewise, additional peptides were developed for enhanced solubility based on the hydrophobic backbone sequences of P3, P25, P14, P15, and P19. These are listed in Table 10, supra.

Based on the previously described behavior of harpins and HR+ peptides, it is expected that these new peptides will have wide-ranging bioactivity including inducing resistance to TMV, resistance to nematodes, increased stress and drought resistance, increased growth, and increased yield as described in PCT Application WO 01/98501 to Fan et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Example 11—Derivatives of Peptide P1 that Cause HR Response in Tobacco

HR tests (described in Example 1) were run on variants of P1 to determine the minimal sequence required for HR and to identify residues of importance. The following peptides of Table 14 were determined to be positive for HR:

TABLE 14 Peptide Name Sequence SEQ ID NO: P1 NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQQ 4 P1-allE, NEGISEKELDELLTELIEALLQQ 46 P1-18T NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLITALLQQ 42 P1-18E NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIEALLQQ 43 P1-18A NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIAALLQQ 44 P1-18K NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIKALLQQ 45 P1-1S SQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQQ 109 P1-14S NQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIMALLQQ 110 P1-18Q NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIQALLQQ 115 P1-23P NQGISEKQLDQLLTQLIMALLQP 118 polyE-min3p1   SEEEEELDQLLTQLIEALL 141

Example 12—Derivatives of Peptide P3 that Cause HR Response in Tobacco

HR tests (described in Example 1) were run on variants of P3 to determine the minimal sequence required for HR and to identify residues of importance. The following peptides of Table 15 were determined to be positive for HR.

TABLE 15 Peptide SEQ Name Sequence ID NO: P3 QNDDSTSGTDSTSDSSDPMQQLLKMFSEIMQSLFGDGQDGT 204 P3-3                SDPMQQLLKMFSEIMQSLF 205 P3-4               SEEELQQLLKLFSEILQSLF 206 P3-6             SEEEEELQQLLKLFSEILQSL 207 P3-7             SEEEEELQQLLKLFSEILQS 208

It is notable that P3 seems to require a longer sequence than the minimal HR-box repeat for efficient HR elicitation. This may be due to the sub-optimal phenylalanine residues and the presence of only a single K residue to separate the hydrophobic residues (LLKLF in P3 and its variants) present in this sequence. However, it is important to note that additional hydrophobic residues are not strictly necessary, considering that P3-6 and P3-7 cause HR.

Example 13—Derivatives of Peptide P25 that Cause HR Response in Tobacco

HR tests (described in Example 1) were run on variants of P25 to determine the minimal sequence required for HR and to identify residues of importance. The following peptides of Table 16 were determined to be positive for HR.

TABLE 16 Peptide SEQ Name Sequence ID NO: P25     GGLTLTGVLQKLMKILNAL 182 P25s  EDQGGLTLTGVLQKLMKILNAL 183 P25-4  EDQGGLTLTGVLQKLMKILNALVQ 181 P25-10 SEEEEELTLTGVLQKLLKILEAL 187 P25-11   SEEEEELTGVLQKLLKILEAL 188 P25-15 SEEEEELTLTGVLQKLLKILEA 200 P25-16      SEEEEEVLQKLLKILEALV 201 P25-17       SEEEEELQKLLKILEALVQ 202

It is important to note that P25 variants seem to require more sequence than the minimal HR consensus (SEQ ID NO:93) to HR elicitation. This may be due to the presence of valine residues where leucine is preferred or due to the presence of a single hydrophilic residue between the hydrophobic repeats (LLKIL). Although we include P25-15, P25-16, and P25-17 as HR+, they exhibited a very weak hypersensitive response that only occurred in some tobacco plants at the highest application rate. Notably, the additional sequence content does not seem to require leucine/isoleucine/valine residues, as suggested by the biological response to P25-15.

Example 14—Derivatives of Peptide P14d that Cause HR Response in Tobacco

HR tests (described in Example 1) were run on variants of P14 to determine the minimal sequence required for HR and to identify residues of importance. The following peptides of Table 17 were determined to be positive for HR.

TABLE 17 Peptide SEQ Name Sequence ID NO: P14d                   QDPMQALMQLLEDLVKLLK 175 P14e                   QDPAQALLQLLEDLVKLLK 176 P14f                   QDPAQALEQLLEDLVKLLK 177 P14c QAGPQSANKTGNVDDANNQDPMQALMQLLEDLVKLLK 199 P14-30                  SEEEEEALEQLLEDLVKLLK 178

It is important to note that P14d variants seem to require more sequence than the minimal HR consensus (SEQ ID NO: 93) to HR elicitation. In particular, the additional C-terminal lysine residue seems to be required for activity. This may be due to the presence of a single hydrophilic residue between the hydrophobic repeats (LVKLL).

Example 15—Derivatives of Peptides P15/P20 that Cause HR Response in Tobacco

HR tests (described in Example 1) were run on variants of P15/P20 to determine the minimal sequence required for HR and to identify residues of importance. The following peptides of Table 18 were determined to be positive for HR.

TABLE 18 Peptide SEQ name Sequence ID NO: P15a NFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQM  63 P15b                 KPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQ  49 P20   GTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLIS_LIMSLL  65 P15-8D-18E                 KPNDSQSDIAKLISALIESLLQ  50 P15-dN4                     SQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQ 227 P15a-39P NFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIMSLLQP 143 P15a-34Q NFGTPDSTVQNPQDASKPNDSQSNIAKLISALIQSLLQM 144 p15-59                  SEEEEEEIAKLISALIESLLE 150

Example 16—Derivatives of Peptides P17/P18 that Cause HR Response in Tobacco

HR tests (described in Example 1) were run on variants of P17 and P18 to determine the minimal sequence required for HR and to identify residues of importance. The following peptides of Table 19 were determined to be positive for HR.

TABLE 19 Peptide SEQ Name Sequence ID NO: P17 [*]QQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAQLLKSLL  81 P18    QQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAQLLKSLLSPQ  83 P18-1    QQPIDRQTIEQMAQLLAQLLKSLL 163 P18-2    QQPIDRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLL 229 P18-3    QQPIDRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLLSP 228 P18-4        DRQTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLLSP 164 P18-5          QTIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLLSP 165 P18-6      SEEEEEIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLL 166 P18-7         SEEEEELAQLLAQLLKSLL 167 P18-10         SEEEEELAELLAELLKSLL 231 [*] = N-terminal sequence of TSSSPGLFQSGGDNGLGGHNANSALG

Example 17—Derivatives of Peptides P19 that Cause HR Response in Tobacco

HR tests (described in Example 1) were run on variants of P19 to determine the minimal sequence required for HR and to identify residues of importance. The following peptides of Table 20 were determined to be positive for HR.

TABLE 20 Peptide SEQ Name Sequence ID NO: P19 ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKAMLKLIA  89 P19-20L ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKALLKLIA  90 P19a ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKAMLKLIARMMDG  91 P19a-allL ITPDGQGGGQIGDNPLLKALLKLIARLLDG  92 P19-4      QGGGQIGDNPLLKAMLKLIARMMDG 226 P19-7         SEEEEEELLKALLKLIARLL 172 P19-8           SEEEEELKALLKLIARLL 173 P19-11     SEEEEEIGDNPLLKALLKLIARLL 171

It is important to note that although P19 and P19-1 exhibit HR, they do not completely conform to the consensus HR-box sequence (SEQ ID NO: 93). However, the addition of context sequence in P19-2 and P19-3 leads to a sequence that does conform to the consensus. It is likely that the additional isoleucine residues in P19, and P19-1 (N-terminal isoleucine and the IGDN sequence) increase the propensity for HR elicitation.

Example 18—Induced Resistance of Tobacco to Infection with Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Peptides were tested for the induction of resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco. Briefly, three tobacco plants at 6-8 weeks old were selected per group (samples and controls). The bottom-most leaf of the plant was covered and the plant was sprayed with a solution of water (negative control), peptide, or Proact (positive control). The spray was applied until the leaves were fully wetted, indicated by liquid dripping from the leaves. The plants were then allowed to dry and the leaf covering was removed.

Three days post-treatment, the previously-covered leaf and a leaf on the opposite side of the plant were then lightly dusted with diatomaceous earth and 20 ul of a 1.7 ug/ml solution of purified tobacco mosaic virus was applied. The TMV solution was then spread across the leaf surface by lightly rubbing solution and the diatomaceous earth across the surface of the leaves. Two minutes after inoculation, the diatomaceous earth was rinsed off the leaves with water. 3 days after TMV inoculation, the leaves were scored based on the number of TMV lesions observed. The leaf was also scored for signs of the hypersensitive response, including yellowing and wilting of the affected leaves.

Effectiveness described in Table 21 refers to the % decline in TMV lesions on treated vs UTC plants. A reduction of TMV on covered leaves indicates a systemic immune response in the plant while reduction on uncovered leaves indicates a local response. Asterisks indicate that the P-value derived from a T-test was <0.05.

TABLE 21 Summary of TMV Resistance Effectiveness Effectiveness SEQ ID Concentration Uncovered Covered Peptide NO: (ug/ml) (%) (%) P1 4 20 100*  91* P1-allE 46 5 74* 66* polyE-min3p1 141 10 92* 79* P4 5 20 88* 89* P4-14S 6 20 80* 97* polyE-min3p4 33 10 88* 86* P6 68 20 99* 93* P6a 67 20 72* 58  P14d 175 5 93* 96*

TABLE 21 Summary of TMV Resistance Effectiveness Effectiveness SEQ ID Concentration Uncovered Covered Peptide NO: (ug/ml) (%) (%) P14e 176 10 90  79* P14f 177 10 72  86* P14-30 178 10 74  25  P15 64 10 95* 72* P15a 63 10 88  55  P18 83 5 63* 80* P18-6 166 10 69* 86* P18-7 167 20 15* 30* P18-10 231 20 84* 87* P19 89 5 79* 90* P19-7 172 10 88* 82* P19-8 173 20 74* 77* P25 182 20 94* 94* P25-11 188 10 100*  97* P30-2 189 10 94* 65* P30-3 190 10 95* 95*

In general, peptides that elicit a hypersensitive response in tobacco also confer a strong resistance to TMV. The peptides provided resistance in the leaves that received the treatment. However, the peptides also caused “system acquired resistance” whereby an immune response in one part of a plant triggers signaling that increases immunity in other parts of the plant. This was shown by the reduced TMV infection in covered leaves that did not directly receive the peptide treatment. Peptides that caused particularly strong immune responses included some of the minimal HR box peptide sequences: P14d, P25-11, and P30-3.

Example 19—Effect of Peptide Seed Treatment on Root and Shoot Growth

Peptides were tested for biological effects on the allocation of growth resources to the shoot (above ground) and root (below ground). Peptides were dissolved at 0.2, 2, or 5 μg/ml in a total volume of 100 ml deionized water. Corn or soybean seeds were then soaked for one hour in the peptide solution. Untreated control (UTC) plants were soaked in deionized water. Clear plastic 300 ml beverage cups (Solo®, Dart Container Corporation) were prepared for planting by marking the bottom with a cross, dividing the bottom into four equal quadrants. The cups were then filled with Sunshine Mix #1 soil (SunGro Horticulture) sieved to ¼″. 100 ml of water was added to the soil. Treated seeds were then planted by pressing the seed lightly into the top of the soil. The seeds were then covered with an additional 50 ml of loose soil. Seeds were allowed to germinate and grow for 12-14 days.

The length of the shoot was measured as the distance from the soil to the lightly stretched tip of the highest leaf for each plant. Plants that failed to germinate or exhibited stunted growth were removed from the trial. Stunting was defined as lacking a fully expanded true leaf at time of data collection or having an expanded true leaf judged by eye to be <½ the average leaf area of the treatment group. Generally, 30 seeds were planted per treatment group and 15-25 plants were used for data collection.

Root growth was estimated by counting the number of times that a primary root crosses the quadrant marks on the bottom of the cup. These were often observed along the bottom circumference of the cup, although some were visible along the side of the container and were counted as if crossing a vertical extension of the quadrant line. This number was divided by 4 to produce a root growth index. This index was found to correlate ˜90% with measured total primary root length (sum of lengths of all primary roots after rinsing soil from roots and measuring directly).

TABLE 22 Summary of Root & Shoot Growth SEQ ID Rate Root Shoot Peptide (Host) NO: (μg/ml) (%) (%) P4-14s (soy) 6 0.2 13.5* −0.1 P14c (soy) 199 5.0 14.4* 9.0* P15a (corn) 63 0.2 14.2* −4.5 P15b (soy) 49 5.0 34*   15.6* P18 (corn) 83 2.0 7.7 −2.0 P30-3 (corn) 190 0.2 15.4* −0.7 P30-3 (soy) 190 2.0 −17.9*  11.4* P30-3 (soy) 190 0.2 4.2 8.8* P15-59 (corn) 150 0.2 7.6 −8.6* P19-8 (corn) 89 5.0 4.1 −2.7

Having thus described the basic concept of the invention, it will be rather apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing detailed disclosure is intended to be presented by way of example only, and is not limiting. Various alterations, improvements, and modifications will occur and are intended to those skilled in the art, though not expressly stated herein. These alterations, improvements, and modifications are intended to be suggested hereby, and are within the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the recited order of processing elements or sequences, or the use of numbers, letters, or other designations therefore, is not intended to limit the claimed processes to any order except as may be specified in the claims. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereto. 

What is claimed:
 1. An isolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of: (SEQ ID NO: 93) (L/I/V/F)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)-(L/I)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)- (L/I/V/A)-X-X-(L/I)-(L/I/V/F)

wherein the peptide is free of cysteine and methionine; the peptide has an average Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy index of less than 0.3; the peptide includes up to 10 additional amino acids at the N-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 93, up to 10 additional amino acids at the C-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 93, or both; one of the X residues at positions 2, 6, and 10 being optional, and each X at positions 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 11, when present, is selected independently from R, K, D, isoD, E, N, Q, H, S, T, G, A, and γ-glutamate; wherein the X residues at positions 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 11, when present, are not the same; wherein the isolated peptide, when introduced onto plant leaf tissue, induces a hypersensitive response.
 2. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the isolated peptide is stable when dissolved in water or aqueous solution.
 3. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the isolated peptide is resistant to chemical degradation when dissolved in an aqueous buffer solution containing a biocide.
 4. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the isolated peptide has a solubility of greater than about 5.0 mg/ml in water or aqueous solution.
 5. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the X residues at positions 2, 6, and 10 are present.
 6. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein each X at positions 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 11, when present, is selected independently from D, isoD, E, N, Q, H, S, T, G, A, and γ-glutamate.
 7. The isolated peptide according to claim 6, further comprising a C-terminal Arg or Lys residue.
 8. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide has an average Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy index of less than 0.0.
 9. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide has an average Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy index of less than −0.3.
 10. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide has an average Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy index of less than −0.7.
 11. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the up to 10 additional amino acids at the N-terminal end and/or the C-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 93 comprises a hydrophilic amino acid sequence.
 12. The isolated peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of: Avg. KD Sequence index SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP (SEQ ID NO: 6) −0.117 SQGISEKQLDQLLSQLLQALLQP (SEQ ID NO: 119) −0.148 SEEEEELDQLLSQLIQALLQ (SEQ ID NO: 31) −0.375 SEEEEELDQLLSQLIQALL (SEQ ID NO: 33) −0.210 EKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP (SEQ ID NO: 95) −0.094 SEKQLDQLLSQLIQALLQP (SEQ ID NO: 96) −0.131 SEEEEELDQLLTQLIEALLQQ (SEQ ID NO: 126) −0.519 SQGISEKQLDQLLQLIQALLQP (SEQ ID NO: 133) −0.086 SEEEEELDQLLTQLIEALLQ (SEQ ID NO: 134) −0.37 SQGISEKQALDQLLSQLIQALLQP (SEQ ID NO: 140) −0.037 SEEEEELDQLLTQLIEALL (SEQ ID NO: 141) −0.205 SEEEEEGGIAKLISALIESLLE (SEQ ID NO: 149) 0.031 SEEEEEIAKLISALIESLLE (SEQ ID NO: 150) 0.075 SEEEEEFTQLLEHIVGEIL (SEQ ID NO: 161) −0.3 SEEEEEIEQLAQLLAQLLKSLL (SEQ ID NO: 166) −0.104 SEEEEELAQLLAQLLKSLL (SEQ ID NO: 167) 0.010 SEEEEEALEQLLEDLVKLLK (SEQ ID NO: 178) −0.565 SEEEELTLTVLQKLLKILEAL (SEQ ID NO: 187) 0.290 SEEEEELTGVLQKLLKILEAL (SEQ ID NO: 188) −0.042 SEEEEELTLTGVLQKLLKILEA (SEQ ID NO: 200) −0.072 SEEEEEVLQKLLKILEALV (SEQ ID NO: 201) 0.031 SEEEEELQKLLKILEALVQ (SEQ ID NO: 202) −0.373 SEEELQQLLKLFSEILQSLF (SEQ ID NO: 206) 0.105 SEEEEELQQLLKLFSEILQSL (SEQ ID NO: 207) −0.366 SEEEEELQQLLKLFSEILQS (SEQ ID NO: 208) −0.575 LQQLLKLFSEILQSLFEEEE (SEQ ID NO: 209) −0.03 LEQLLEDLVELLEEE (SEQ ID NO: 215) −0.066 LEELLEDLVELLEEE (SEQ ID NO: 216) −0.066 LEELLKLFEEILEELFEE (SEQ ID NO: 219) 0.055 LEELLELIERLLEE (SEQ ID NO: 223) 0.128 LEQLLEDLVKLLKEE (SEQ ID NO: 214) −0.12 LEELLKLIERLLEE (SEQ ID NO: 222) 0.1 LEELLKLIEELLEE (SEQ ID NO: 224) 0.171 SEEEEELAELLAELLKSLL (SEQ ID NO: 231) 0.010 SEEEEELDQLLSQLIQALLQP (SEQ ID NO: 232) −0.433.


13. A fusion polypeptide comprising a plurality of amino acid sequences linked together in series, each of the plurality of amino acid sequences comprising the peptide according to claim
 1. 14. A composition comprising one or more peptides according to claim 1 and a carrier.
 15. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition is a clarified cell extract.
 16. The composition according to claim 14 further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of fertilizer, herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, nematicide, a bactericidal agent, a biological inoculant, a plant regulator, and mixtures thereof.
 17. The composition according to claim 16, wherein the composition comprises clothianidin; a combination of clothianidin and Bacillus firmus; imidicloprid; a combination of imidicloprid and Bacillus firmus; thiamethoxam; a combination of thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, and fludioxynil; a combination of thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, fludioxynil and azoxystrobin; a combination of thiamethoxam and abamectin; a combination of thiamethoxam, abamectin, and a Pasteuria nematicide; a combination of thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, fludioxynil, azoxystrobin, thiabendazole, and abamectin; or a biological inoculant comprising a Bradyrhizobium spp., a Bacillus spp., or a combination thereof.
 18. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the carrier is an aqueous carrier.
 19. The composition according to claim 18, wherein the aqueous carrier further comprises one or more of a biocidal agent, a protease inhibitor, a non-ionic surfactant, or a combination thereof.
 20. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the carrier is a solid carrier in particulate form.
 21. The composition according to claim 20, wherein the solid carrier is a dry powder.
 22. A method of imparting disease resistance to plants comprising: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to claim 1 to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to impart disease resistance.
 23. A method of enhancing plant growth comprising: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to claim 1 to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to enhance plant growth.
 24. A method of increasing a plant's tolerance to biotic stress comprising: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to claim 1 to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to increase the plant's tolerance to biotic stress factors selected from the group consisting of insects, arachnids, nematodes, weeds, and combinations thereof.
 25. A method of increasing a plant's tolerance to abiotic stress comprising: applying an effective amount of an isolated peptide according to claim 1 to a plant or plant seed or the locus where the plant is growing or is expected to grow, wherein said applying is effective to increase the plant's tolerance to abiotic stress factors selected from the group consisting of salt stress, water stress, ozone stress, heavy metal stress, cold stress, heat stress, nutritional stress, and combinations thereof.
 26. An isolated peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of: (SEQ ID NO: 93) (L/I/V/F)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)-(L/I)-X-X-(L/I/V/F)- (L/I/V/A)-X-X-(L/I)-(L/I/V/F)

wherein the peptide is free of cysteine and methionine; the peptide has an average Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy index of less than 0.0; the peptide includes up to 10 additional amino acids at the N-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 93, up to 10 additional amino acids at the C-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 93, or both; one of the X residues at positions 2, 6, and 10 being optional, and each X at positions 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 11, when present, is selected independently from R, K, D, isoD, E, N, Q, H, S, T, G, A, and g-glutamate; wherein the peptide does not contain three or more cationic amino acids; wherein the isolated peptide, when introduced onto plant leaf tissue, induces a hypersensitive response. 